Positron Lightning

Jul 20, 2018 Electrons and positrons are formed in lightning bolts. Lightning is a plasma that creates powerful electromagnetic pulses across a wide range of frequencies. Thunderheads may be several thousand cubic kilometers in extent, yet all of that stored electrical energy travels down a discharge channel no wider than…

Continue reading

Not Gas

Jul 18, 2018 Nebulae are electrical phenomena. As written in previous Pictures of the Day, plasma behavior is unfamiliar. It is sometimes difficult to see the differences between plasma and a gas. Plasma’s similarities to gas are overshadowed by its failure to correspond with gas kinetics. Since the light frequencies…

Continue reading

Plasma Instabilities

  Jul 17, 2018 Plasma does not obey the laws of kinetic energy. “The plasma exhibited striations and double-layers, the electron distribution was non-Maxwellian, there were all sorts of oscillations and instabilities. In short, it was a field which was not at all suited for mathematically elegant theories.” — Hannes…

Continue reading

Plasma Connection

  Jul 13, 2018 Enceladus reveals an electric circuit with Saturn. Recently, the Picture of the Day discussed the discovery of heavy molecules in the geyser eruptions from the south pole of Enceladus. Similar to those found elsewhere, such as the dwarf planet, Ceres, the molecules are probably the result…

Continue reading

Cosmic Ions

  Jul 12, 2018 Cosmic rays are poorly understood. “…plasma is so silly that it does not understand the sophisticated mathematics, or it is that the plasma is so clever that it finds other ways of behaving, ways which the theoreticians were not clever enough to anticipate.” — Hannes Alfvén…

Continue reading