March 4, 2020
Galaxies obey the forces of electricity.
According to a recent press release:
“Astronomers have known since the late 1950s that the Milky Way’s disc – where most of its hundreds of billions of stars reside – is not flat but somewhat curved upwards on one side and downwards on the other.”
The ring observation is not new, as reported in a previous Picture of the Day. Several past infrared views revealed a portion of the ring, sparking speculations about inertia from galactic spin creating a standing wave. The latest images show the complete ring, with a warped nucleus. Readers may recall that the morphology of galaxy Centaurus A was discussed in a previous Picture of the Day. It was noted that many active galaxies display transverse, donut-shaped plasma discharges, as well as plasma jets erupting from their axes.
Twisted rings inside galaxies form because helical electric currents squeeze plasma inside them, creating cosmic “transmission lines” through space known as Birkeland currents. These currents confine clouds of ionized gas within electromagnetic fields, causing star formation and toroidal currents around the galactic axis on its equator.
In another Picture of the Day, it was reported that the reason galactic rings flatten and curl at the edges is because of plasma instabilities in the torus. As electric current density increases:
“The edges curl in and out and upwards and downwards to the current flow.” [Anthony L. Peratt, Characteristics for the Occurrence of a High-Current, Z-Pinch Aurora as Recorded in Antiquity, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Volume 31, Number 6, December 2003, pages 1195-6.]
An electric discharge in plasma creates a magnetic sheath along its axis. If enough current flows through the circuit, the discharge will cause the sheath to glow, sometimes creating a number of other sheaths within it. The sheath is called a “double layer.” Double layers form when positive charges build up in one region of a plasma cloud and negative charges build up nearby. A powerful electric field appears between the two regions, which accelerates charged particles. The electric charges spiral in the magnetic fields, emitting X-rays, extreme ultraviolet, and sometimes gamma rays.
Toroidal filaments couple to hourglass-shaped current sheets that are subject to diocotron instabilities: the current flow through plasma sometimes forms vortices that change into distorted curlicue shapes. This phenomenon has been witnessed in many laboratory experiments, as well as in the polar aurorae.
Stephen Smith
The Thunderbolts Picture of the Day is provided through the generous support of the Mainwaring Archive Foundation.
