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On the History of Electrodynamics and Conclusions for the Electric Universe

Weber’s Birth house with the Golden Ball

On the History of Electrodynamics and Conclusions for the Electric Universe

By Mathias Huefner

These days we owe what we know about the cosmos to the electromagnetic waves that our telescopes receive from space and not to the fantasies of a modern idealistic physics that desperately tries to project its ideas into the world and in doing so only creates confusion.

James Clerk Maxwell ingeniously described electromagnetic waves as two perpendicular vortices, one electric and one magnetic, which escape from a source and thus provide us with information about this source. However, Maxwell did not create this system of partial differential equations out of thin air, which the majority of subsequent generations of physicists did not understand, even though Heinrich Hertz confirmed it. In the 19th century, he had several excellent researchers at his side, on whose fundamental findings our current prosperity is based.

The physicist Andre Koch Torres Assis, a professor from the University of Campinas (Brazil) https://www.ifi.unicamp.br/~assis/ has contributed to the rediscovery of the ideas and findings of these excellent scientists by meticulously collecting the old texts and translating them with helpers into English to preserve them in world memory. One of these special scientists, whom he brought back into the light of interest from obscurity, is the German Wilhelm Weber, whose work was so powerful that it had a lasting influence on 19th-century physicists far beyond Germany’s borders.

History

Wilhelm Eduard Weber was born in 1804 as the son of theology professor Michael Weber at Schlossstrasse 10 in Wittenberg in the house with the Golden Ball. He grew up with two brothers. Due to the events of the wars of liberation from Napoleonic foreign rule around 1813 and the relocation of the University of Wittenberg, his family moved via Bad Schmiedeberg to Halle on the Saale River. Here Weber visited the Latina of the Francke Foundations and took part in experimental studies carried out by his older brother Ernst Heinrich, which led to the publication of the book Wave Theory, Based on Experiments (Leipzig 1825). At the same time, Weber studied, received his doctorate under Johann Salomo Christoph Schweigger in 1827 and completed his habilitation with a thesis on the theory of organ pipes, where he was interested in the vibration behavior.

After an extraordinary professorship in Halle, he accepted a call to Göttingen (Kingdom of Hanover) in 1831, where he became a professor of physics at the Georg-August University. There he lost his office on December 14, 1837 together with six other Göttingen professors (see Göttingen Seven) when he protested against the repeal of the constitution. As a result, Weber lived as a private scholar in Göttingen or went on long journeys.

In 1843, Weber was called to Leipzig until he was able to return to his old position and his friend Carl Friedrich Gauss, the earth surveyor and German father of non-Euclidean geometry. The collaboration between the two men was very fruitful. They constructed an electromagnetic telegraph as early as 1833. To do this, they laid two copper wires over the roofs of the city of Göttingen and transmitted telegraphic communication between the physics institute and the magnetic observatory of the observatory on Easter 1833. According to tradition, which may just be a legend, the first telegram (in a code similar to Morse code, which was later invented) transmitted the text: “Michelmann is coming.” (Michelmann was the institute servant.) In the Kingdom of Hanover, however, there was no use for such a groundbreaking invention.

In 1836, Weber founded the Magnetic Association together with Gauß and Alexander von Humboldt. The unit of measurement of magnetic flux was named Weber in memory of his achievements.

The group monument in Göttingen commemorates this great feat of science.

Gauss-Weber Memorial in Göttingen

The seated Gauss holds a wire in his hand that no longer exists today. At the time of this invention in 1833, Gauss was already 56 years old, but Weber was only 29. The monument does not reveal the age difference between the people; rather, they appear to be the same age. Gauss was highlighted as the more important one by the sculptor Ferdinand Hartzer.

Science

When comparing the amount of charge measured electrostatically and electrodynamically, Weber noticed that a constant that had the dimension of a speed was important. Weber and Kohlrausch gave a value for this constant that was c ≈ 3.1×10 8 ms −1 and, within the scope of measurement accuracy, agreed with the value of the vacuum speed of light used at the time.[1] This result inspired Maxwell to believe that light was an electromagnetic wave. It follows from Maxwell’s equations (published in 1864) that electromagnetic waves propagate at a speed that can be calculated using the following equation:

The finding was published in 1857.

Here μ0 is the magnetic field constant and ε0 is the electric field constant of the vacuum plasma. Every material has such field constants and at the material boundaries the speed of light and thus the direction of the wavefront changes, which is of fundamental importance for the optics of our telescopes. The identity of the matter of the cosmic plasma with the constant from the experiment by Wilhelm Weber and Rudolf Kohlrausch was thereby given a theoretical justification, even if Albert Einstein later wanted to negate this by assuming the speed of light as a constant, which was the Doppler effect. Einstein and later Heisenberg made a break in physics from realistic physics to an idealistic view of this discipline, which has not yet been overcome.

A conclusion from Maxwell’s equations and Weber’s work is that the shape of the electron cannot be a sphere, as we see again and again in today’s representations. In fact, Maxwell described vortices in his equations and an oscillating circuit that radiates electromagnetic waves consists of a capacitor and a wire coil. It is therefore much more convincing that an electron is made up of the same elements than the belief that there are quarks inside an electron, which have never been detected.

Static-charged balls could never generate an electric current because they would repel each other. That’s why Weber was already looking for a better explanation for electric current. As the fourth volume of Weber’s work shows, his model of the atomic nucleus was based on purely electromagnetic forces. The negative charge carriers, the electrons, were only discovered in 1897 by the British physicist Joseph John Thomson and the second building block, the positive proton, was supposed by Wilhelm Wien in 1898 and then confirmed by Ernest Rutherford in 1919. This meant that the two stable building blocks of nature were found and thus its mathematics, which we have implemented in our computers today. Thomson then developed an atomic model in 1903, according to which the atom consists of evenly-distributed, positively-charged mass in which the negatively charged electrons move. But this model could not prevail. However, I will take up this idea again, not without also remembering Hermann von Helmholtz’s essay on vortex motion, where he emphasizes that every vortex filament that does not meet a phase boundary closes into a vortex ring. This applies to electrons and Birkeland currents, which form the cosmic network, as Benoît Mandelbrot teaches in his “Fractal Geometry of Nature”. Nature inherits the principles of construction from the smallest structures to the larger ones.

When a spherical mass begins to rotate, it becomes an ellipsoid of revolution due to its inertia. However, if this ellipsoid also has a magnetic moment, this ellipsoid will constrict at the axis of rotation and a torus will be created that has two different rotation speeds that are perpendicular to each other. The result is a twisted torus.  The projection of such a torus into the plane is a de Broglie wave. No wonder quantum theory emerged from such a projection. If the charges were oscillating, one would have the problem of explaining the constantly changing acceleration during the oscillation. Plank’s energy equation for the electron E=hν must then actually be called E=hω because it is a circular frequency. Planck’s constant then refers to the effect of an electron on an obstacle and the energy depends on the mass of the object producing the effect. It’s a function, not a symmetrical relation.

Ultimately, protons are also toroids that are entangled with the electrons in the atomic nucleus. Neutrons do not occur at all in atomic nuclei and the neutrons released during nuclear fission are neither neutral nor stable. The magnetic forces alone are sufficient to hold the core structures of the atom together. You can find out more about this in my book “Dynamic Structures in an Open Cosmos”.

A structured atom model based on electrostatics was already proposed by Edwin Kaal at the EU2017 Conference in Phoenix. Now Andre Koch Torres Assis has undertaken the effort of translating and editing Weber’s major works on electrodynamics into English in four volumes with the help of a team of volunteer translators and thus making them available worldwide as computer-readable PDF files on Assis’ Website. A fifth volume is in preparation.

The four books below are also available in printed form via Amazon.


[1]    F. Kirchner – Determination of the Velocity of Light from Electromagnetic Measurements According to W. Weber and R. Kohlrausch; American Journal of Physics 25, 623 (1957); doi: 10.1119/1.1934570


Dr. Mathias Hüfner is a German translator volunteer for The Thunderbolts Project. He studied physics from 1964 until 1970 in Leipzig Germany, specializing in analytical measurement technology for radioactive isotopes. He then worked at Carl Zeiss Jena until 1978 on the development of laser microscope spectral analysis. There he was responsible for software development for the evaluation of the spectral data. Later he did his doctorate at the Friedrich Schiller University in the field of engineering and worked there 15 years as a scientific assistant. Some years after the change in East Germany, he worked as a freelance computer science teacher the last few years before his retirement.

Since 2015, Mathias has run a German website of The Thunderbolts Project http://mugglebibliothek.de/EU and his latest book is entitled Dynamic Structures in an Open Cosmos

The ideas expressed in Thunderblogs do not necessarily express the views of T-Bolts Group Inc. or The Thunderbolts Project.

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