Supermassive Problems with Black Holes
Dec 09, 2008

Copious groups of anti-particles interact and annihilate each other, releasing electromagnetic radiation that propagates outward at the speed of light. The extremely high light frequencies are seen as a gamma ray burst on Earth along with an "afterglow" of ultraviolet and x-ray emissions.

Since explosions of such magnitude are impossible under conventional models of matter and energy the Chandra team has concluded that something new must be added to the mix; that "something" is electric charge, although it is electric charge in a bizarre disguise. Gamma ray observations imply matter and anti-matter annihilation but the formation of electron-positron pairs due to gravitational compaction is a theoretical fantasy.

Another fictional source for the energetic phenomena we see in space is gravitational tides. Some flares and x-ray jets spewing from galaxies are thought to be caused by stars traveling too close to their central supermassive black holes where they are torn apart by tidal forces. Most of the star's gas escapes the black hole, but a small quantity is captured by the immense gravity and forms a rotating disk. Closer to the black hole, heat generated by molecular collisions tears the atoms apart and the disk of gas glows in x-rays. When matter eventually falls into the black hole gamma rays explosively burst out.

It must be asked whether there is a consistent way to explain what we see in space along with a way to demonstrate those explanations in the laboratory?

X-rays and gamma rays in space are not created in gravity fields. Laboratory experiments most easily produce them by accelerating charged particles through an electric field. No gigantic masses compressed into tiny volumes are necessary and they are easily generated with the proper experimental models. There are other factors that should be considered when analyzing data from space before resorting to super-dense objects and anti-matter explosions as their cause.

There is no experimental evidence that matter can be compressed to “infinite density”. How stars form supernovae is not clear. Supernovae do not form spherical shells when they explode; they form glowing bipolar plasma formations like an hourglass. No one knows what triggers a black hole to suddenly gobble-up matter in its "accretion disk" within a few months.

As we have noted in the past, Hannes Alfvén identified the "exploding double layer" as a new class of celestial object. It is double layers in space plasmas that form most of the unusual structures we see. Stellar explosions, jets, rings, and glowing clouds – these are all examples of electricity flowing through dusty plasma confined within Birkeland currents that stretch across the light years.

Compression zones (z-pinches) in the plasma filaments form plasmoids that become the stars and galaxies. Electricity is responsible for the birth of stars, and when the current density gets too high the double layers in the circuit catastrophically release their excess energy and appear as gamma ray bursts or x-rays or flares of ultraviolet light.

By Stephen Smith