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Summary and Conclusion
Summary
We started by considering the problems that the Gravity Model has in explaining much of the recent evidence of the way the Universe works. That evidence is coming from ever-better instruments on the ground and in space itself.
We questioned whether it was time to consider a new model of the universe that includes electricity, which is a much stronger force than gravity. The inclusion of electrical principles could explain the evidence without the need to 'invent' another twenty-four times as much matter as we can see.
We have looked at the behavior of electric and magnetic fields and what direct evidence there is for them in space.
We then moved on to consider plasma, the fourth state of matter, whose behavior is well understood from over a hundred years of laboratory experiments and mathematical modeling. We found that plasma is the most widespread form of matter in the Universe. And we found that it is impossible to separate plasma from electricity.
We considered whether we could model plasma behavior by swapping the electrical effects for magnetic ones using Maxwell's equations. But we found that the most interesting types of plasma behavior simply cannot be modeled using magnetic fields alone. We had to consider the effect of charged particles, that is, electricity, instead. We saw the similarity of this problem to the wave-particle duality in particle physics.
We found that a defining characteristic of plasma is to form cells and current-carrying filaments which prefer to align themselves with the magnetic field. We considered the self-sustaining nature of these structures and the way they can transport energy from one region to another, delivering it in forms we can detect here on Earth.
We looked at how the electrical circuits in plasma can develop instabilities and oscillations, and we looked at how electric-motor effects in plasma could cause the rotation we see in galaxies.
And finally we looked at radiation in the visible and other wavelengths. We found that plasma emits vast quantities of radiation, detection of which is the means whereby we obtain most of our evidence of the Universe's behavior.
We have only skimmed the surface of this huge subject, but the glimpses we have seen give us a sense of the power of electricity in plasma. This power is vastly stronger than the puny force of gravity and, as we have seen, a power which can create many of the effects that we do actually see in the Universe around us.
Conclusion
This very brief Guide has attempted to provide an introduction to the behavior of plasma and electricity in space. Because we live in a thin biosphere on the surface of the Earth, we are not as familiar with these types of behavior of plasma as we are with the behavior of solids, liquids, and gases. Therefore we may not immediately think of plasma behavior when searching for explanations of the universe that we see around us.
Plasma behavior is full of surprises, but once its capabilities are appreciated then it becomes obvious that plasma and electricity together can explain some very complex and powerful phenomena.
These are exactly the sort of phenomena which scientists have been observing since the start of the space age and the invention of telescopes capable of 'seeing' in all the frequencies of the spectrum.
The question is whether these phenomena are more easily explained by electricity and plasma in the Electric Model, or whether it is preferable to keep on adding more and more increasingly improbable patches to the Gravity Model in order to explain each new piece of evidence without using electricity.
In the end, the choice of Model is up to you, the reader. We hope that this Guide has provided enough information to allow you to start making your own decision on this question rather than having to rely solely on what others say.
next: Appendices: Appendix 1
previous: Chapter 10: Radiation
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