Universe is comprised of 99% plasma

[Brigit]

(Next reference) 2/2

Here is a Picture of the Day called "Hot Gas vs Electric Currents." It is an overview, written as a response to a presser and image of a galaxy cluster. The stream of dust and galaxies flowing into a cluster of galaxies and causing x-ray emissions is not caused by gravitational attraction and shock fronts, but is an example of electricity flowing through plasma filaments in space.
(2-3 min. read, emph added.)

• Hot Gas vs. Electric Currents
  • https://www.thunderbolts.info/tpod/2009 ... laxies.jpg
    Composite image of galaxy cluster MACSJ0717.5+3745 from HST and Chandra.
    Credit: X-ray (NASA/CXC/IfA/C. Ma et al.); Optical (NASA/STScI/IfA/C. Ma et al.)
  Apr 17, 2009
  Astronomers have detected a strand of galaxies and gas flowing into a remote cluster.
  
  The predominant cosmological hypotheses within which most astronomers conduct their research are based on a gravity-only paradigm. Moving masses and heat are the only factors allowed to operate in their Universe. Electric charge is sometimes considered, but it is usually negligible in its effect, if it has an effect at all.
  
  In previous Picture of the Day articles, we complained that charged particles streaming from stars like the Sun are called a "wind" instead of an electric current. Ions accelerated by a magnetic field are referred to as "jets" instead of the collimated transmission of electrical energy through space, while changes in the density and speed of charged particles are almost always deemed to be "shock waves" and not the mark of double layers that can store and dissipate electricity, or even explode.
  
  Exploding double layers in the consensus view are either supernovae—the violent death of stars whose thermonuclear processes have reached a critical stage, or stars that have shed their outer shells of gas and dust, emitting x-rays and extremely high frequency ultraviolet light.
  
  One recent example of that view is a press release from the Chandra X-Ray Observatory website. According to the article, a 13-million-light-year-long surge of galaxies, gas, and dark matter is streaming into the center of the galaxy cluster shown at the top of the page. That is not the most "remarkable" aspect of the occurrence, however. MACSJ0717 represents the collision of four separate galaxy clusters over five billion light-years from Earth that will eventually become one exceptionally massive cluster.
  
  The region is thought to be incredibly hot because the molecules of gas and dust are crashing into each other, resulting in x-rays flashing out from the blue color-coded regions. Cheng-Jiun Ma from the University of Hawaii, one of the authors of a paper about the observation, described the cluster integration as a strictly mechanical phenomenon: “Since each of these collisions releases energy in the form of heat, MACSJ0717 has one of the highest temperatures ever seen in such a system.”
  
  Several computer simulations have been developed over the years so that what is unobservable "billions of light-years" away can be modeled on the desktop. It comes as no surprise that the observations appear to match the simulations. The same ideas used to construct the computer algorithms are also in the minds of those working with the instruments. Building a device that is designed to see what has been simulated is how modern science works. Mathematical formulae make both possible.
  
  Perhaps the lack of knowledge regarding electricity in space can account for the opinion that gases colliding produce x-ray and other energetic emissions. After all, perception comes through training and education, so without exposure to the theories of Kristian Birkeland and Hannes Alfvén regarding the behavior of electricity flowing through plasma no perception of its behavior can exist in the mind's eye.
  
  Alfvén said:
  • "The cosmical plasma physics of today . . .is to some extent the playground of theoreticians who have never seen a plasma in a laboratory.
  • Many of them still believe in formulas which we know from laboratory experiments to be wrong . . . several of the basic concepts on which theories of cosmical plasmas are founded are not applicable to the condition prevailing in the cosmos.
  • They are 'generally accepted' by most theoreticians, they are developed with the most sophisticated mathematical methods; and it is only the plasma itself which does not 'understand' how beautiful the theories are and absolutely refuses to obey them. . ."
  Stephen Smith

[Cargo]

Oh I've just found a juicy kernel.

This comes from the Knowledge Encyclopedia Science!

100,000 amperes = the current in the biggest lightning strikes.
10 thousand billion amperes = the current in the spiral arms of the Milky Way.

That's plasma doing it's thing everywhere. Like water is 99% of the Ocean.

You can download the PDF of this book. But this comes from the section Units of Measurement. Page 196-197 jic
And, for 'Current' the graphic they use is hilarious. It's a Z-Pinch they show, but then say
"Resistance is a measure of the difficulty current has in flowing through an object. In a narrower section of wire, the current faces more resistance."

Solids, liquids, and gases
There are four different states of matter: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. Everything in the universe is in one of those states.

Plasma, the fourth state of matter When gas heats up to a very high temperature, electrons break free from their atoms. The gas is now a mixture of positively charged ions and negatively charged electrons: a plasma. A lightning bolt is a tube of plasma because of the extremely high temperature inside it. In space, most of the gas that makes up the sun, and other stars in our universe, is so hot it is plasma.

Then they have a double page graphic, very nice looking, at the top is the Aurora we see, with a call-out box for Plasma

Plasma
Plasma, which makes up the sun and stars, is the most common matter in the universe. Intense heat makes its atoms separate into positively charged nuclei and negatively charged electrons that whiz about at very high speed.

It's whizzing like the wind in space.

[jacmac]

Brigit, April 15:
"The fact that plasma effects such as cells and filaments bounded by double layers are scalable all the way up to astrophysical plasma formations has an impeccable background with Hannes Alfven and other plasma physicists and experimentalists. "

The scalability goes both ways...also,, all the way down to the microscopic.

Google the papers of Rumanian plasma scientist Mircea Sanduloviciu,

[nick c]

The scalability of plasma presents an aspect that is especially intriguing and the foundation of plasma cosmology and its extension, the Electric Universe.

As a result, we have a means of bringing Astronomy and Cosmology into the laboratory, making human understanding of the micro and macro universe subject to direct experimentation.

[Brigit]

nick c says, "As a result, we have a means of bringing Astronomy and Cosmology into the laboratory, making human understanding of the micro and macro universe subject to direct experimentation."

Yes, the Electric Universe is the most effective and promising model of the space sciences just because it emphasizes experiment and lab set-ups, and I think a lot of us around here feel this way. Absolutely 100%! That part of the Electric Universe and Plasma Cosmology is a really powerful draw. It always, always, leads with experiment, not equation. Some of the most intriguing lab experiments were carried out, in my view, by Dr. Cj Ransom and Wal Thornhill, when they made craters, craters with peaks, and little stone spheres, using electrical discharges.

This, to me, is just the beginning of a very long list of electric discharge experiments on various materials (including the 99.99% plasma that makes up the universe heh), but it answers so many questions about craters (and also the formation of asteroids and comets as they were ripped out of the crusts of planets in those exact same events).

Craters all over the solar system have features that can only be understood as electrical in nature: their flat floors, pinched up rims, fresh appearances, central peaks, often-lacking-in-ejecta, rim craters, double and triple craters, chains of craters, and so on. Also, the Thunderbolts team really took pains for decades, during the space age, to point out the sheer numbers of hexagonal craters being imaged on all these little rocky moons and planets.

The polygonal crater form is the result of a particle beam, which in the lab can have a polygonal shape.

[Brigit]

The Electric Universe follows the plasma experiments first, not the equations first, cont'd. (:

We can see that the way plasma behaves is both filamentary and it is cellular. There are many amazing plasma instabilities of course, but the main plasma formations are filamentary twisted pairs, and cells of Langmuir sheaths which surround objects of a slightly different charge, in relation to the plasma that flows past it.

The plasma z-pinch happens along those filaments as they twist around each other, and it is in that z-pinch point where the spheres are formed. Stone spheres are made that way. So spheres are reproducible in the laboratory using electric discharges. There are lab results in the electric universe for the formation of spherical objects like planets and moons. You can get fused or multiples as well in the lab. This is how planets form along the plasma filaments. It happens fairly rapidly like beads of lightning.

They are then free to join up into stellar and planetary systems after they are formed in electrical z-pinches.