Clarage: Electric Currents in Space, Questions from the Audience

[Brigit]

Michael Clarage: Observing Electric Currents in Space | Thunderbolts

• https://www.thunderbolts.info/wp/2025/1 ... nderbolts/
  CH: Thunderbolts Project
  dur. 10:23
  
  "“Observing Electric Currents in Space” was recently published in Progress in Physics. Rather than recite excerpts from his paper or a pre-prepared script, Michael Clarage’s narrative here is akin to a classroom presentation.
  
  Evidence for electric currents in cosmic plasmas requires currents to be observed and data to indicate their presence. Examples are shown from active galactic nuclei, planetary magnetospheres, and plasma ejections from moons—with a path on how to analyze existing astrophysical data to reveal the presence of cosmic electric currents.
  
  Electric currents are ubiquitous in cosmic plasmas, having been observed at the planetary, solar, interstellar, and galactic scale. Electric current flows in a coaxial form—its primary current flow matched by a surrounding return current, and potentially multiple reversals of current, such as in planetary polar currents.
  
  Nature may be complex, but it’s not complicated—basic plasma physics is just as relevant in cosmic settings.
  
  Astrophysicist Michael Clarage, PhD, presents a compelling argument that electric currents are alive and well in outer space."

So -- the floor is open for questions!

I definitely have a question about applying Dr. Donald Scott's model of "co-axial"/nested currents within a Birkeland Current to Earth's north pole! I would like to know if Dr. Michael Clarage (and Dr. Don Scott) have considered if this will require revisiting the Sun's shared electrical circuit with the Earth.

I'll give a little background, from an Electric Universe point of view, on the data from the TRIAD Satellite that I want to know about.

[Brigit]

In a Picture of the Day in 2020 Stephen Smith wrote,

• "Aurorae on Earth are caused by charged particles from the Sun. As previously written, the US Navy satellite, TRIAD, recorded electromagnetic disturbances as it passed over Earth's poles and through the VanAllen Radiation Belts in 1966. Those vertical electric currents that flow to Earth from the solar wind were named, "Birkeland currents" by Alex Dessler."

In "Magnetic Breaches" (2009) he wrote,

• "A strong magnetic disturbance is usually observed when a bright aurora is seen....In 1903, Kristian Birkeland's observations in the Arctic led him to propose that electricity energizing the aurora flowed parallel to the auroral formation. Since electric current flows in a closed circuit, and since the currents and the glow seemed to be caused by processes in distant space, he theorized that they came down from space at one end of the auroral arc and back out to space at the other.
  
  In 1973, the US Navy satellite Triad flew through this electrically charged layer. The onboard magnetometer found two electric currents in gigantic sheets, each carrying a million amperes or more, one descending on the auroral zone's morning side and one ascending on the evening side. Since Birkeland's research had predicted the currents that link Earth with space they were called Birkeland currents."

There is a very well-known diagram:
https://earimediaprodweb.azurewebsites. ... ent/Public
https://tse2.mm.bing.net/th/id/OIP.J9HS ... 8&o=7&rm=3


It appears to me that the TRIAD satellite may have flown through the Birkeland current structure at the north pole, and revealed the current-and-return-current that Don Scott advanced in his paper.

So couldn't this mean that rather than having a current both coming in and leaving from the North Pole, the Birkeland current coming in at the North Pole flows through the Earth, and the return current flows out of the opposite pole, completing its circuit with the Sun?

I have made a college try at finding out what TRIAD saw at the South Pole, but it was not on Wikipedia. What I am asking is whether this would simplify the flow of electric current in Earth's near-space environment so that the Planet is something like a lode on a wire, or a secondary cathode in a completed circuit.

An electric current flowing through one pole and out of the other pole would have implications for the Earth's magnetic field, earthquake and volcanic activity, and would allow for new questions about electrochemistry continually occurring within Earth's mantle and outer core.

[jacmac]

When I first came to the EU a big problem (of criticism) was the lack of a visible circuit to feed our electric sun.
It seems there has not yet been much progress. So, yours is an important quest Brigit.
The "drift" current of Dr. Scott would seem to solve the problem. Once, at a conference, I asked Dr. Scott
if the solar wind might be a return or feedback current. He replied "perhaps".
The second diagram shows a "Pedersen current" which complicates things.??
( I am unable to see the first link /).
If the solar wind is basically from the sun and going out to the heliopause perhaps we get
some of what is on offer and most of the rest continues out to the heliopause.
This may, or may not, effect a return current back to the sun from the south pole.
I'm saying it could be both.

[Brigit]

jacmac says » "When I first came to the EU a big problem (of criticism) was the lack of a visible circuit to feed our electric sun."

Yes, I think I know when you are talking about. Even at that time, Don Scott and Wal Thornhill were utilizing Hannes Alfven's circuit diagram for an electric sun. All of them, including Mel Acheson, also pointed to the hourglass shapes planetary nebulae as representing the visible wiring of a star situated in a plasma filament, only lit up into glow mode. So I have to totally disagree with you. There has been extraordinary progress in the science of the Sun's electrical circuitry. The Sun's circuitry that it shares both with the galaxy and with it's own planets has been for the most part established beyond reasonable doubt.

• https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ ... Nebula.jpg
  Image: If the Sun's circuit connecting it to the galaxy were made visible, if that ever happened, it would look like the planetary nebula M2-9.

The filamentary nature of the Plasma Universe has been verified by radio telescopes, and the formation of stars along those filaments was verified by the Herschel Telescope (infrared).

The presence of gigantic electrical "flux ropes" linking Earth to the Sun was observed by THEMIS.

The connection of the planet Mercury by similar flux ropes was detected by MESSENGER.

The connection between Jupiter's moons and the North Pole of Jupiter by plasma filaments was seen by missions to the planet, revealed by "footprints" in the aurora

my keyboard is stuck right now<hang on and thanks jacmac

[Brigit]

I was just about to mention a few other major discoveries confirming the electrical circuitry of the cosmos. Space age discoveries have for decades continuously shown the filamentary connections between stars, nebulae, galaxies, clusters and superclusters, and in the Electric Universe the driving power of stars and galaxies is the electric current flowing through all those twisted pairs of filaments and braids. It wasn't just Birkeland currents connecting all of these objects, but there were also impossible alignments of galaxies and nebulae. I can give the links to Space News that covered these discoveries, or someone else can help find those. (:

[Brigit]

For anyone who just joined in, we are talking about Plasma Cosmology, which has been saying for almost a century that the visible Universe is made up of 99.99% matter that is in the plasma state. The plasma arranges itself into characteristic filaments and cellular structures, besides many other magnificent plasma forms. The plasma filaments in particular radiate radio waves and can be seen by radio astronomers and submillimeter telescopes. The Electric Universe picks up from where Plasma Cosmology leaves off and shows how everything from comets to moons to planets to stars to galaxies are embedded in and powered by the electric currents that those filaments carry.

Electricity on Earth moves in closed circuits. But when the wires and connections of a circuit are not in a solid state, but are comprised instead of plasma filaments in the vacuum of space, what do those circuits look like? What is the circuit of the Sun, and how is the Earth in particular embedded in the Sun's circuit?

[Brigit]

There's a wonderful history of experimentalists, engineers, technologists and a Nobel Prize winner or two. But getting back to the subject of the Sun's electric circuit. What does that look like?

• https://www.holoscience.com/wp/wp-conte ... Nebula.jpg
  image: "Planetary nebula M2-9. The complex Z-pinch hourglass shape of the external circuitry of a star becomes visible in a planetary nebula where the galactic power is high enough or the plasma is dusty. Gravitational models of stars fail to explain the fine detail of planetary nebulae." ~Wal Thornhill

The beautiful hourglass shapes of planetary nebulae reveal the lit-up version of the Sun's circuit.

Some planetary nebulae appear spherical because they may be viewed "down the barrel" instead of side-on.

[Brigit]

Caution, generalization ahead.

Now to Suggest Just a Few, Not All, of the Elements of Any Plasma Circuit:

• In the most basic sense, the Birkeland current is much wider in diameter than both the star and its enormous heliosphere, which is seen sitting within the Birkeland current's z-pinch above, and also here in the following diagram of the Sun.
  https://www.holoscience.com/wp/wp-conte ... onment.jpg

• The Birkeland current is also co-axial, so that there are currents flowing in both directions -- which we saw in the video presentation in the OP. (There are also two cylinders visible in M2-9.)

• Notice also the beautiful "fliers," or the double layers shown in the diagram of the M2-9 nebula at the poles of the star.
  https://www.holoscience.com/wp/wp-conte ... Nebula.jpg

• Also, we know that the Sun has a toroidal radiation belt, as do the planets Jupiter and Saturn, which may be more or less the equivalent of the Van Allen belts of Earth.
  https://www.holoscience.com/wp/?attachment_id=2188
  image: "The solar plasmoid has been imaged in UV by SOHO."

In this question, I want to ask if we can generalize from the Sun's electrical plasma environment, and apply these same plasma structures to the Earth's electrical circuit which connects it to the Sun.

I will give what evidence I have for these same plasma structures -- the wider Birkeland current, the co-axial Birkeland current at the poles, the double layer "fliers" at the poles, and the toroidal radiation belt -- in the Earth's space environment. (_2 1/2 minute read, quite short_yay_)

[Brigit]

You guys have heard of God particles. How about OMG particles? (:

It is quite remarkable that the diagram of the Sun Hannes Alfven suggested around half a century ago includes a pair of double layers, one located above the north pole of the Sun, and one located at the south pole of the Sun.

Those double layers are the equivalent of the "fliers" in the M2-9 Nebula. There in that image, you see two visible double layers, one above and one below the star.

Because they are double layers, they accelerate charged particles.

And that is what has been found: charged particles from regions in the sky where there is no known source. These are at times accelerated to such velocities they have been named OMG particles.

Wal Thornhill wrote about this in his paper "Alfven Triumphs Again (& Again)". This confirms the double layers at the poles of the Sun.

Is it possible that the Earth has a pair of double layers at its poles as part of its circuit with the Sun? This is a reasonable thing to look for IMO!

[Brigit]

The next aspect of the electrical circuit sustaining the Sun I would like to focus on is the presence of the co-axial, or nested currents, that characterize Birkeland Currents, according to Dr. Don Scott.

The most practical result the co-axial Birkeland Current yields is that there will be counter-rotation.

This has been addressed by Don Scott in one of the Space News videos. Don Scott talks about the counter-rotation of stars found within a handful of galaxies.

The results of the Gaia survey are still coming in, but in its look at the Milky Way, there were counter-rotating stars detected. They are saying that this is because of the Milky Way Galaxy "eating" a dwarf galaxy, and there you have it.

But it is confirming the Electric Universe view of galaxies being shaped, powered and rotated by Birkeland currents.

Could you apply counter-rotation to the circuits that the planets are embedded in? I like this question. I will offer references later, but it is very interesting that the outer gas giant planets all have counter-rotating satellites further out.

[Brigit]

Let's continue to talk about the electric currents that externally power the Sun.

As a less positively, or as a negatively charged electrode within that circuit which lights up the sun, the Earth also partakes of the Sun's electrical environment.

I'd like to share a Thunderbolts Picture of the Day that illustrates just a few of the profound consequences of an electrical current flowing through the Earth. That is, there is a Birkeland current leaving one of the Sun's poles, reaching a point above the Earth in the form of electrical "flux ropes," flowing through the mantle or core, leaving the Earth at the opposite pole, and returning to the Sun 's other pole, completing a circuit.

The connection between the Sun and planets as secondary electrodes is suggested by the Electric Universe model and has been supported by results from space missions throughout the published material. And the planets themselves, in some cases, have a very similar connection with their own moons. For example, the auroral circles of the gas giants contain "foot prints" of their own moons, which show the electrical circuit they share.

• Clenched by Iron Bands
  by Stephen Smith
  
  "Is it liquid metal that circulates below the surface?
  
  On November 23, 2013 the European Space Agency (ESA) launched the Swarm mission satellites from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in northern Russia. Swarm consists of three identical orbiters, Alpha, Bravo and Charlie, placed in two different orbital planes. Alpha and Bravo fly side-by-side in an 87.4º inclination at an altitude of 450 kilometers (which will slowly decay to 300 kilometers), while Charlie was placed in an 88º inclination at 530 kilometers. All three are in a polar orbit. Propellant on the three satellites is expected to last about five and a half years. They will then burn up in the atmosphere.
  
  Among other instruments, each satellite is equipped with a vector field magnetometer and electric field sensor, so that Swarm can measure variations in the electromagnetic fields generated by Earth’s oceans and lithosphere. Since Earth’s magnetic field is thought to be created by an “electric dynamo” thousands of kilometers below the surface, there is no way to “see” what is taking place there except indirectly."

cont'd

[Brigit]

cont'd, bold type added

• Clenched by Iron Bands
  
  
  Swarm mission manager, Rune Floberghagen wrote:
  
  • “We have very few ways of probing deep into the structure of our planet, but Swarm is making extremely valuable contributions to understanding Earth’s interior…”
  Earth’s electromagnetic field does not originate from a single source. Instead different areas generate greater or lesser fluctuating electromagnetism—exactly how it changes is not known. Swarm analyzes differences in the time signatures among the satellites, as well as electromagnetic flux density surrounding Earth’s fields, in order to determine what factors influence those changing fields.
  
  So far, Swarm data indicates that ocean water forms an electric current that, in turn, induces electromagnetic feedback in the mantle, a region between 30 kilometers deep under the continents and 5 kilometers below the ocean floor. Although the effect is small, it contributes to Earth’s overall intrinsic fields. An important note is that the electric charge flow is induced by coupling with the magnetosphere.
  
  Recently, ESA announced the discovery of an electromagnetic “jet stream” below the crust in Earth’s higher latitudes. “Jet” might be somewhat of a stretch, since the speed of the current is approximately 40 kilometers per year. Compared to movement of material nearer the core, it is said to be four times faster. Planetary scientists attribute these readings to liquid iron circulating around the poles.
  
  In an Electric Universe, Earth is not an isolated body whose fields and forces come from internal activity, alone. Rather, as previous Picture of the Day articles point out, Earth’s ionosphere is connected to the Sun by filaments of electric charge, so upper regions of the atmosphere are influenced by solar emissions. Earth has an electrically active plasmasphere, so it is “plugged-in” to a an electrical circuit. For example, electric charge flow between the ground and the ionosphere, called “the atmospheric electric potential”, can reach 240,000 volts, sometimes exceeding 400,000 volts.
  
  At around 150 kilometers altitude, the “dynamo region” is where Earth’s magnetic field exhibits a maximum electric equipotential, the most powerful charge flow along Earth’s geomagnetic equator. However, it is not the ionosphere that produces such intense electrical activity, it is the Sun.
  
  In May of 2007, NASA’s THEMIS satellite detected a “magnetic rope” in the magnetopause as wide as Earth, itself. Approximately 70,000 kilometers out in space, the magnetopause is where the solar wind meets Earth’s magnetic field, providing a conduit for electrical energy from the Sun. As the illustration at the top of the page reveals, charge flow from the Sun is coupled to the magnetosphere that then completes a circuit with the ionosphere. Ionospheric currents then induce charge flow in Earth’s subterranean strata. That electric flux is known as a “telluric current”.
  
  Perhaps it is not rivers of molten iron that Swarm detected, but streams of electric charge circulating through zones that are more conductive to charge flow from space.
  
  Stephen Smith

[Brigit]

The PotD "Clenched by Iron Bands" points out that a recent study on Swarm satellite observations had stated that the Earth's magnetic field does not originate from a single source.

• "Earth’s electromagnetic field does not originate from a single source. Instead different areas generate greater or lesser fluctuating electromagnetism—exactly how it changes is not known. Swarm analyzes differences in the time signatures among the satellites, as well as electromagnetic flux density surrounding Earth’s fields, in order to determine what factors influence those changing fields."

The electric currents in Earth's strata and in its oceans are acknowledged and considered as causes of the changing electromagnetic flux density surrounding Earth's fields. The diagram illustrates it in this way:

• https://www.thunderbolts.info/wp/wp-con ... ources.jpg
  Image: A schematic of Earth’s electrical connections. Credit: ESA/DTU Space.

So these are basically induced currents.

In the Electric Universe model, there are not only induced currents in and on the Earth responsible for the magnetic field. There are electric currents that flow to and through the Earth in a circuit with the Sun. There is no internal turbulent liquid core dynamo generating the Earth's magnetic field.

Only electric currents generate magnetic fields.

Donald Scott: Why Do Planets Have Magnetic Fields? | Space News
https://youtu.be/mdI-6uLSIOI
CH: Thunderbolts Project
dur 14:37

[Brigit]

There are several ways a magnetic field may be generated in celestial bodies in the Electric Universe. All of these are generated by electric currents carried by twisted plasma filaments called Birkeland currents.

1. Birkeland currents flowing to both poles of a planet
2. Birkeland currents flowing in one pole and out of the other pole
3. A rotating electrically charged body will produce a dipolar magnetic field
4. A homopolar motor effect causes the spin of bodies as large as galaxies because of an electric current

This is a far simpler model than the complicated and unworkable Nebular Hypothesis. The Nebular Hypothesis requires that molecular clouds in space collapse into a star and that planets congeal from the remaining rim of space dust.

For a magnetic field to be generated by a star, hydrogen must collapse to form a dynamo; for a magnetic field to form in a planet, nickel and iron must collapse to form a turbulent dynamo. Small size and great age requires these dynamos to fail, and yet they are found in small moons and planets -- all of completely different compositions. Rather than dynamos the magnetic fields of planets are formed by electric currents flowing in circuits.

[Cargo]

There is no bloody WIND! That IS the Current everyone seems to be blinded too.