Is the Chromosphere a double layer(DL) ?

[jacmac]

I believe this topic has been overlooked.
Dr. Scott, in his book, The Electric Sky, clearly says the Chromosphere is a double layer.

Page 105:
While speaking about fusion on the solar surface he says "Whatever nuclear fusion is taking place
on the Sun is likely occurring in the double layer (DL) above the top of the photosphere not deep within the Sun's core."
Page 110:
In a section on Omega Loops and CME's, He says "Sometimes a magnetic field on the surface of the sun forms an "omega" loop.
This loop extends out through the double sheath layer (DL) 0f the chromosphere."

The standard solar model folks describe the physical characteristics of the chromosphere
but, I have never seem an explanation of what it is doing there, or how it fits into their model.
Also, there has been little discussion of the chromosphere in the Electric Universe model either.
In videos of Dr. Scott and Wal Thornhill they have not commented on this topic to my knowledge.

Any opinions or information is welcome.
Jack

[jacmac]

There have been 222 visits to this question with zero replies.
To encourage some response I will quote from another posted topic.
On July 18, 2025, in the discussion about The Total Charge of the Sun Under the EU Model, Brigit said this:
"Plasma sheaths form between plasmas of different compositions, densities, temperatures and ionization."

I happen to agree with that.
I believe Dr. Scott does also.
What do we plainly see on the sun ?
There is a separation between two very different plasmas, the photosphere and the corona.
And it would appear that their characteristics are as described above.

What is the problem with recognizing this ?
WE know double layers (DL) can be planar, tubular or spherical.
We know that plasma events are, or can be, similar on all different scales, from very small to extremely large.
We speak about a double layer at the heliopause with a lot less evidence.
Why do we not speak of the nature and "reason to be" of the chromosphere ??

Ps. I do not wish to single out any member.
Brigit just happened to say what I have heard before, but I did not remember where !

Jack

[nick c]

Is the Chromosphere a double layer(DL) ?

With your Scott quotes from pages 110 and 105 of The Electric Sky it seems that you answered your own question.

To that I would like to add another Scott quote. This one is from a pdf titled "The Electric Sky", p.41. While covering the same material in a more condensed form than the hard copy, it has different wording and material. In the quote below I put in the entire paragraph for context and highlighted in a larger font the reference to the Chromosphere and double layers.

The first plot shows the energy per unit
(positive) charge of an ion as a function of its
radial distance out from the solar surface. The
units of Energy per Unit Charge are Volts, V.
The second plot, the E-field, shows the
outward radial force (toward the right)
experienced by such a positive ion. The third
plot shows the locations of the charge
densities that will produce the first two plots.
The chromosphere is the location of a plasma
double layer (DL) of electrical charge. Recall
that one of the properties of electric plasma is
its excellent (although not perfect)
conductivity. Such an excellent conductor will
support only a weak electric field. Notice in the
second plot that the almost ideal plasmas of
the photosphere (region b to c) and the corona
(from point e outward) are regions of almost
zero electric field strength

Larger font added for emphasis

[jacmac]

Thank you Nick.
My search for the Pdf you quote only winds up with the book.
In the book there is a diagram (page 90) of Voltage and Altitude above the surface,
but there are no numbered units.
I'm interested in the plot with numbered units
Is there a link available to the Pdf you quoted ?

[Brigit]

Jacmac says, "Is the chromosphere a double layer (DL)?"


It's a very important topic, and I have wanted to add what I consider some of the most wonderful Picture of the Day articles on the subject. This will do two things -- it will give a broader picture of the Electric Sun model, in which the chromosphere is a small but essential player, and it will list some of the unresolved aspects of the sun, which plague the conventional model.

So, for broader context, and to show how the Electric Sun resolves solar mysteries, here are some nice short reads coming up>>>

[Brigit]

This is a 2017 Potd called "Holy Moly!" -- because it is addressing the unexpected temperature of cooler coronal holes, where the solar wind is actually faster. The coronal hole pictured is from an SDO image, but this article also talks about results from the Ulysees spacecraft, which approached or achieved a polar orbit around our Sun.

So the problem or question that is the focus of this particular Electric Sun article is the fact that coronal holes have faster solar wind and yet are cooler. The chromosphere, as a double layer surrounding the Sun, is one of the points where acceleration of ions is occurring. Double layers or plasma sheaths accelerate charged particles. But here is "Holy Moly!"

• • https://www.thunderbolts.info/wp/wp-con ... 50x565.jpg
    image: Gigantic coronal hole on the Sun. Credit NASA/SDO.

• Holy Moly!
  by Stephen Smith
  
  Why do coronal holes accelerate the solar wind?
  
  Recently, the Solar Dynamics Observatory recorded a coronal hole as it moved across the Sun’s photosphere, causing a storm of charged particles to blast toward Earth. Heliophysicists believe that coronal holes are regions of “open magnetic fields”.
  
  The thermonuclear model of the Sun sees temperatures in its core at more than 15 million Celsius, with compressive strain greater than 340 billion times Earth’s atmospheric pressure. 700 million tons of hydrogen are said to be converted into helium every second in the core.
  
  The surface of the Sun is the photosphere, followed by the chromosphere, and then the corona, the outermost part of the Sun’s visible atmosphere. The chromosphere is about 2000 kilometers above the photosphere and is a very thin layer compared to the Sun’s diameter of 1.4 million kilometers.
  
  The density of plasmas in the chromosphere is extremely low, more than a million times less dense than Earth’s atmosphere. The chromosphere is not normally seen because the underlying photosphere is so bright that it drowns out its light. Temperatures vary from 6000 Celsius near the photosphere to less than 4000 Celsius in its middle regions.
  
  One of the Sun’s greater mysteries is why temperatures rise to approximately 20,000 Celsius at the top of the chromosphere. However, the greatest mystery of all (from a consensus viewpoint) is why the corona can be as much as two million Celsius! Why does the hottest region of the Sun begin at an altitude of 4000 kilometers, extending over a million kilometers from its surface, without any significant temperature drop? Since the problems with magnetic reconnection theory are detailed many times in previous Picture of the Day articles, they will not be explained here....
  
  In the electric model of stars, the Sun is a positively charged electrode in a circuit, while the negatively charged electrode is located far beyond the planetary orbits. The “virtual cathode” is known as the heliopause. The electric solar model predicts that sunspots, flares, coronal holes, and all other solar activity comes from fluctuations in galactic electricity. Birkeland current filaments slowly move through the Solar System, supplying more or less power to an electric circuit that includes the Sun. The energy powering the Sun is focused from outside and not expelled from inside a thermonuclear core, so its inverted temperature gradient conforms to an electric discharge within intergalactic Birkeland current filaments. The Sun is a gigantic electric arc, not a ball of hot hydrogen gas.
  
  Data from the now defunct Ulysses spacecraft, and confirmed by SDO’s ultraviolet studies, reveal that the solar wind speed varies inversely with coronal temperature—a completely unexpected result, since the opposite was predicted.
  
  Electric Universe advocate Wal Thornhill wrote:
  
  • “The chromosphere has a strong electric field which flattens out but remains non-zero throughout the solar system. As protons accelerate down the chromospheric slope…they encounter turbulence…which heats the solar corona to millions of degrees. The small, but relatively constant, accelerating voltage gradient beyond the corona is responsible for accelerating the solar wind away from the Sun.”
  In the electric model of the Sun, its electric field is strongest in the coronal holes, since protons are accelerated away. Outside of coronal holes, where the electric field is weak, protons move more aimlessly, resulting in more collisions. That random movement equates to temperature. Therefore, the solar wind is fastest where the corona appears coolest and is slowest where it appears hottest.
  
  Stephen Smith