{"id":16823,"date":"2014-12-15T19:59:46","date_gmt":"2014-12-16T02:59:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thunderbolts.info\/wp\/?p=16823"},"modified":"2014-12-15T20:11:03","modified_gmt":"2014-12-16T03:11:03","slug":"16823","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thunderbolts.info\/wp\/2014\/12\/15\/16823\/","title":{"rendered":"Congratulations Rosetta, Shame About The Science\u2026"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"EU2014Congratulations Rosetta, Shame About The Science\u2026
\nBy Wal Thornhill<\/h1>\n

 
\nCongratulations to the\u00a0team responsible for the success of the Rosetta mission<\/span>\u00a0to comet 67 P Churyumov-Gerasimenko (henceforth 67 P). However, it\u2019s a shame that scientists misled the engineers with their cherished story of icy comets, which resulted in an inappropriate design for the lander, Philae. Chris Reeve writes,\u00a0\u201cWe train all physicists to adopt the same basic scientific framework \u2014 at the expense of also teaching them how to analyze the same phenomenon from multiple perspectives \u2014 and then we wonder why certain problems remain unresolved despite the investment of massive resources, people and time. The very act of rigidly training everybody in the same framework seems to me the problem which precludes their solution.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

The Rosetta mission was named after the famed Rosetta Stone, which allowed the decipherment of ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs. The term \u2018<\/span>Rosetta Stone\u2019<\/i><\/span> is now used in other contexts as the name for the essential clue to a new field of knowledge. But context\u00a0is a\u00a0problem because\u00a0the remote past is inaccessible. So we have simply projected our modern experience\u00a0on to the past and come up with stories\u00a0to satisfy our craving\u00a0for order and certainty. Mysteries still abound in Egyptology and comet science but they\u00a0don\u2019t feature in\u00a0the stories\u00a0we are confidently\u00a0taught.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Artist's<\/a><\/p>\n

Here on the left is an artist\u2019s impression of a comet surface before the first flyby of \u00a0the nucleus of a comet on March 14, 1986. It shows icy vapours wafting into space. In the centre is an artist\u2019s impression of the Philae lander on the surface of comet 67 P where you can see the surface still appears icy, the only concession to images of other comet nuclei being the crater and ridges. On the right is the real surface of comet 67 P, which is actually blacker than photocopier toner. But despite the stark reality,\u00a0the story of comets remains\u00a0unchanged. The ice \u2018must be\u2019 buried beneath that rocky-looking crust. This is a\u00a0favourite recourse of astrophysicists to have mechanisms\u00a0buried out of sight inside celestial bodies or black holes where they are difficult or impossible to verify. But this time the Philae lander may have sent sufficient information to expose this convenient fiction.<\/span><\/p>\n

So powerful is the belief in the story of comets as primordial dirty-ice bodies that cognitive dissonance is on show when we get new data. And with the Rosetta spacecraft orbiting comet 67 P at a distance of a few tens of kilometers there is a flood of new data. At a media briefing following the Philae Lander\u2019s unexpected multiple touchdowns, Eric Hand of Science magazine asked how cometary processes might account for the comet\u2019s rocky appearance. Holger Sierks, the OSIRIS Imaging System Principal Investigator replied, \u201cit\u2019s rocky-like stuff, but not rock.\u201d<\/em> This unequivocal statement is based on the measured average density of the comet, which is less than half that of water. Rock has a density roughly between 2.5 and 3 times that of water. Even if the comet were made of water ice, the only way to match such a low density is to require the comet nucleus to be porous. So the Philae lander harpoons were designed to penetrate compacted snow. It\u2019s fortunate the harpoons\u00a0didn\u2019t fire because the ricochet from solid rock would probably have the lander ricocheting back into space to be lost forever, a present danger I suggested before the landing attempt. As it happened, the lander\u2019s multiple bounces over\u00a0a hard surface caught scientists by surprise but happily Philae was able to remain on the comet\u00a0and return useful data before its battery power was spent. I expect data about the interior of the comet to be confounding with little sign of the porosity required to produce\u00a0its low measured\u00a0density. It is even possible that the comet has internal cavities, which is not expected by the accretion model.<\/p>\n

\"pinnacles\"<\/a><\/p>\n

The selective blindness that occurs when information\u00a0doesn\u2019t fit our preconceptions is shown by the apparent rockiness of other comets and asteroids that have been imaged in earlier close flybys. Why were ESA scientists surprised by the jagged, rocky appearance of comet 67 P when the Stardust mission to comet Wild 2 in 2004 showed (above) the same features? \u201c<\/em><\/span>Pinnacles range from tens of meters to over 100 m in height, and they have varied shapes including spires with pointed tops near the resolution of the images. The pinnacles were not anticipated land forms on primitive bodies, and their origin on Wild 2 is a mystery.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

\"Comet<\/a>This image of Halley s Comet was taken on 14 March 1986 during the fly-by of ESA s Giotto space probe. \u00a9 MPS<\/span><\/p>\n

So it is instructive to re-examine the comments made on the first close flyby of\u00a0an active comet nucleus, which took place at comet Halley in March 1986. The editor of Nature, John Maddox wrote in a supplement on May 15, 1986 devoted to the first results, \u201cthere is a sense, even in science, when the journalistic principle applies that first impressions have a value of their own.\u201d<\/em> I would argue that first impressions are priceless because the surprises expressed are unfiltered by subsequent accommodation to the \u2018one true story.\u2019 Maddox summarizes the first reports, \u201cWhat stands out from this symposium of papers is the surprising complexity of the environment of comet Halley.\u201d<\/em>No one was able or courageous enough to \u2018think outside the box\u2019 and suggest that the new discoveries invalidated the old story of dust and gas blowing away from an icy\u00a0comet in the solar wind. There was no mention of scientists in the 19<\/span>th<\/span><\/sup> century who compared cometary appearance and behavior to low-pressure electrical discharge phenomena in Geissler tubes. That model was simple and it made sense. But scientists in the space age have been indoctrinated that electricity plays no role in space. Meanwhile the results were no surprise to a few scientists who a decade or more before had published, perforce obscurely, a model of the Sun and comets as electrically discharging bodies. They were early pioneers of the Electric Universe\u00a0who saw comets as a basic test of that paradigm.<\/span><\/p>\n

We are\u00a0taught that comets are \u2018leftover\u2019 primordial bodies of interstellar dust and water ice from which the Sun and planets were born. A bizarre ESA publicity video for the Rosetta mission argues that the Earth\u2019s oceans were filled early on by comet impacts. Incongruously, ESA released a report on 10th December titled, \u201cROSETTA FUELS DEBATE ON ORIGIN OF EARTH\u2019S OCEANS,\u201d that discredits that notion. \u00a0It has been found that the D\/H ratio of deuterium (D, proton plus a neutron) to hydrogen (H, proton) from comet 67 P is three times that found in our oceans. So now attention is turning to asteroids as the source of Earth\u2019s water because meteorites are considered to be fragments of rocky asteroids and meteorites generally have a D\/H ratio similar to the Earth. This is a typical response to contrary evidence in astronomy. The myth must be maintained even though asteroids and comets show so little evidence of surface water. However, using deuterium as a marker relies on assumptions about its origin\u00a0in the hypothetical big bang and destruction in stellar nucleosynthesis, which are both unverifiable.<\/p>\n

Returning to comet Halley in 1986, water molecules are supposed to sublimate (change directly from solid to gas) off the comet nucleus in the heat of the Sun. Later, ultraviolet light from the Sun is thought to split the water molecule into OH and H. So we should expect more H<\/span>2<\/span><\/sub>O near the nucleus than OH. However, the Vega 2 spacecraft found the reverse, which \u201cmay indicate the existence of parents of OH other than H<\/em><\/span>2<\/span><\/sub><\/em>O.\u201d<\/em> This finding supports the Electric Universe\u00a0model, which proposes comet nuclei as fragments of planetary surfaces. Their rocky surfaces are spark-machined by a cold cathode type of coronal discharge. The electricity is provided by the comet\u2019s motion in the solar plasma\u2019s weak electric field (which is also responsible for the acceleration of the solar wind away from the Sun despite its powerful gravity). OH is produced easily from clay and rock minerals by an electric discharge.<\/span><\/p>\n

The small size of the dust particles from comet Halley was a surprise. \u201cThe dust particle mass spectra do not exhibit the expected low-mass cutoff at 10<\/em><\/span>-14<\/span><\/sup> gm; instead they continue to rise to 10<\/span>-16<\/span><\/sup><\/em> gm.\u201d \u201cThe most striking feature is the large number of low-mass particles.\u201d \u201cIndeed, the first particles encountered at the \u2018fringes\u2019 of the coma had the lowest masses measured, instead of the higher masses predicted by the \u2018fountain\u2019 model first introduced by Eddington and later widely developed to predict the mass distribution of cometary dust.\u201d<\/em> Low mass particles fit with electrical sputtering of surface atoms and molecules but not with the standard model of gas jet dispersal of interstellar dust grains trapped in dusty ice. Electrostatic clumping of sputtered atoms and molecules gives rise to the extreme fluffiness of dust particles, remarked upon by Rosetta mission scientists. But it gives a misleading impression of the composition and structure of a comet. As for Eddington\u2019s \u2018fountain\u2019 model, \u201cthe coma is highly dynamical on all spatial and temporal scales, suggesting a complex structure of localized regions of dust emission from the nucleus,\u201d<\/em> says one report. And gas expands explosively into a vacuum rather than forming a fountain. Such a gas model cannot explain a tiny comet nucleus, \u201cwhich near perihelion can produce a hydrogen corona larger than the Sun.\u201d<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Halley has a high gas and dust production rate, comparable to those of new comets. So it may have\u00a0more to tell us about energetic phenomena than the short-period comet 67 P. The Giotto high-resolution camera imaging the nucleus suffered a power supply glitch about 12 seconds before closest approach to comet Halley. But it was the first to show a comet nucleus to be cratered and its emissions localized to high-energy jets. The inability to accept this jarring data is highlighted in the bland artistic renditions of comet nuclei in science news, which look nothing like the real thing. The power supply problem may have a simple explanation related to the electrical charging of the spacecraft\u00a0in the\u00a0comet\u2019s highly active environment.<\/p>\n

It is now 28 years since comet Halley was imaged while ablaze with activity. Details were published in Nature of two images of comet Halley. The first from a distance of 4,910 km shows the source of a bright dust jet. \u201cThe scalloped areas in the source region are ~0.5 km across and appear to be the source of smaller jets that combine to form the large jet.\u201d \u201cThe area in which the large bundle of jets has its origin.. shows scalloped features resembling craters, each of which appears to be the source of a narrow jet.\u201d<\/em> The combination of jets to form a single jet is not characteristic of gases escaping through ragged holes into a vacuum. It is, however, behavior specific to parallel electric current streams according to Ampere\u2019s law of electromagnetism. Notably, comet 67 P has scalloped edged circular craters, which were a surprise to\u00a0the Rosetta team\u2014proof that the myth of comets is more powerful than prior documented evidence.<\/p>\n

\"Halley<\/a>This is emphasized by the closest image of the comet nucleus (left) before the power supply glitch put the Giotto camera out of action. Here we see a jet source in high resolution from 2,220 km. The Sun is top left, 29\u02da above the horizontal and 4\u02da behind the image plane. Frame size is 3.7 km. The jet sources are bright spots, like those observed on a cathode surface in laboratory electrical arcs. They are not fissures issuing gas.<\/p>\n

Interestingly, given the smooth dust filled regions of comet 67 P, the Halley reports note that, \u201cDust particles seem to be swept towards the night side in the vicinity of the surface.\u201d<\/em> Comet Halley was found to be the darkest known object in the solar system. \u201cA large C<\/em><\/span>+<\/span><\/sup> abundance throughout the coma indicates an unexpected source of atomic carbon.\u201d \u201cA major surprise ..is the very large signal from the C<\/span>+<\/span><\/sup><\/em> ion.\u201d<\/em> Photodissociation and photoionization of carbon compounds \u201ccannot account for all of the C<\/em><\/span>+<\/span><\/sup> ions. Either there is an additional, hitherto unexpected ionization mechanism leading selectively to C<\/span>+, <\/span><\/sup>or else there is an unexpected source of atomic carbon in the coma of comet Halley.<\/span><\/em>\u201d<\/em> This would account for the extreme blackness of comets, coated with sputtered carbon atoms from surface minerals and electrostatically re-deposited on the comet nucleus as light absorbing fluffy dust particles. Evidence was also shown for complex minerals in the comet nucleus, \u201cIons of larger atomic mass unit are also present, corresponding possibly to various hydrocarbons, heavy metals of the iron group or to sulphur compounds.\u201d<\/em> This is to be expected from the sputtering of rock minerals.<\/span><\/p>\n

The standard model of comets has no place for electrical energy, which resulted in many surprises. \u201cAt Giotto\u2019s closest approach to the nucleus, the plasma produced around the spacecraft by dust and gas impacts was much more energetic than had been expected.\u201d \u201cWater group ions (O<\/em><\/span>+<\/span><\/sup>, OH<\/span>+<\/span><\/sup>, H<\/span>3<\/span><\/sub>O<\/span>+<\/span><\/sup>) have been identified as the predominant species in the outer atmosphere of comet Halley by several instruments of the Giotto mission. Thus, ions of the water group are expected to be the dominant pick-up species. However, estimates of the energies of these and other typical ions may be expected to acquire from the solar wind pertaining at the time of the encounter show that the pick-up process is insufficient to account for the observed fluxes of high-energy particles and therefore additional acceleration mechanisms must be postulated.\u201d<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

An electric field centered on a charged comet nucleus would be a simple answer. \u201cThe first clear evidence for the continuous presence of magnetic field variations signaling the presence of the comet occurred at a distance of 2 million km from the comet.\u201d<\/em> A similar discovery was reported in 1997 for the plasma tail of Venus at inferior conjunction, which stretches to the Earth\u2019s orbit, a distance of 45 million km. \u201cStandard physics says that narrow plasma streams are unstable and should dissipate fast. No one can yet explain how they hold together over tens of millions of kilometres.\u201d<\/em> These vast plasma structures are understandable if the magnetic field variations are an effect of electric currents flowing between the comet, or planet, and the solar circuit. A comet merely sublimating ices, the particles of which then suffer collisional processes with the solar wind, explains none of these features well, or at all.<\/p>\n

The transparent conflict between theory and observation is fundamentally important for the Electric Universe\u00a0model of comets, which predicts a crisis in physics. If so, it will be instructive to see how it is handled; to witness how intellectual inertia can obstruct scientific progress. Professor Mike Yarborough of UC Davis in Sacramento wrote in Nature of November 20<\/span>th<\/span><\/sup>, \u201cToo often, scientists do not consider the need for improvements because they are content with their faith that science self-corrects. This is a bad idea.\u201d<\/em>The history of science exposes the claim of self-correction as a myth. Centuries may pass while experts cling to dogma. Science is done by ordinary mortals whose self-esteem is bound up with their claims to expertise. And experts show a strong tendency to set up exclusive guilds, which resist revolutionary change. Some scientists recognize the problems this causes and call for more interdisciplinary scholarship. That is the basis on which the Electric Universe\u00a0has been built.<\/span><\/p>\n

History shows that many revolutionary breakthroughs have come from individuals, often self-taught \u2018eminent outsiders,\u2019 who see problems through \u2018beginner\u2019s eyes.\u2019 But since the world wars of the early 20<\/span>th<\/span><\/sup>century, a fire-hose of government funding for institutionalized science and education, together with the dead hand of anonymous academic peer-review, has worked to exclude the innovators. It can be argued that no fundamental<\/em> scientific breakthroughs have occurred for a century as a result of these factors. I also suggest there has been a retreat from realism in science and the arts following the brutal realities of man\u2019s madness unleashed in war. Modern surrealist science is hyped in the sheer nonsense of the film Interstellar, which we are told without blushing \u201cis based on real science.\u201d<\/em> \u201cReal science\u201d today cannot explain what energy is, what matter is, why matter has mass, how matter has energy, or how matter can \u2018warp\u2019 space in some non-physical dimension to somehow <\/span>describe<\/i><\/span> gravity\u2019s effect. To find a wormhole in space look for the worm casts outside the hole!<\/span><\/p>\n

This is the real source of the cognitive dyspepsia being experienced by the Rosetta mission team and it is a fundamental challenge for all physicists. The lesson to be learned is the real meaning of E=mc^2: <\/span>MASS and \u00a0ENERGY are\u00a0PROPERTIES\u00a0of MATTER.<\/b><\/span> Mass is an energetic variable dependent on the presence of other matter and the electrical stress in the environment. Mass is not equivalent to the amount of matter. Just because both words begin with \u2018m\u2019 does not mean they can be substituted in the mass-energy equation. The calculated density of comet 67 P cannot tell us what the comet is made from. If it looks like rock, it\u2019s safest to assume it is rock! It is not necessary for the low density to be due solely to high porosity of the interior of the comet. The electrical model even suggests hollowness as a possibility.<\/span><\/p>\n

So let\u2019s return to the Rosetta mission and view the comments from researchers at the press briefing the day after the Philae lander bounced its way across comet 67 P\u2019s surface. In the same issue of Science that warns that science is not necessarily self-correcting, there\u2019s a report, \u201cPhilae\u2019s 64 hours of science<\/strong>.\u201d There we find the first panoramic pictures from its CIVA (Comet Nucleus Infra\u00adred and Visible Analyser) camera showing a surface covered in dust and debris, with \u2018rock-like\u2019 materials in a range of sizes. \u201cIt\u2019s certainly rougher than what we thought,\u201d<\/em> says Stephan Ulamec, Philae project manager. Data from another instrument, MUPUS (Multi-purpose Sensors for Surface and Sub-Surface Science), which includes a Coke-can-sized hammer mechanism atop a 40-centimetre-long rod to probe the comet\u2019s surface, revealed a surprise: the comet seems to have hard ice underneath a 10\u201320-centimetre layer of dust, into which the hammer could not probe. \u201cWe were expecting a softer layer, with a consistency like compact snow, or maybe chalk,\u201d<\/em> says the DLR\u2019s Tilman Spohn, principal investigator for MUPUS.<\/p>\n

The hardness of this sub-surface will, along with temperature measurements, help scien\u00adtists to piece together how the comet\u2019s coma of gas and dust forms. But it will have to be reconciled with the low density of the comet, Spohn says. It could be that the ice is porous, or that the hardness is specific to the cold, dark region where Philae came to rest.<\/p>\n

Holger Sierks said, \u201cHigher strength material that was a surprise to us.\u201d \u201cWith this picture of dust falling back to the surface forming high porosity layers, we failed to explain the rebounds.\u201d \u201cIt\u2019s rocky-like stuff, but not rock.\u201d \u201cWe also see this stuff shining through where the dust layer is wiped away or fallen off following the gravitational field and exposing a higher-strength material and this is something we could consider be the reason for the rebound.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

If it isn\u2019t merely reflected light from a surface cleaned and etched by electric discharge then the \u201cshining stuff\u201d I expect to be active coronal discharges from the comet. If so, they will be featureless coronal discharge glows perhaps with unresolved bright points at active cathode spots.<\/p>\n

\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026..<\/p>\n

Already the official language is changing. NASA posted an article on Friday 12<\/span>th<\/span><\/sup> headlined \u201cEmbers from a Rock Comet,\u201d which looks like an attempt to introduce rocky comets into the astronomical lexicon. The article reads, \u201cA \u2018rock comet\u2019 is a new kind of object being discussed by astronomers. It is, essentially, an asteroid that comes very close to the sun\u2013so close that solar heating scorches dusty debris right off its rocky surface. Rock comets could thus grow comet-like tails that produce meteor showers on Earth.\u201d <\/span>But the distinction between asteroids and comets is ambiguous. Asteroid 3200 Phaethon resembles the main belt asteroid Pallas and approaches the Sun closer than any other named asteroid. However, Phaethon showed anomalous perihelion brightening and sported a stubby cometary dust tail just after perihelion in 2009 and 2012. And like a comet, Phaethon seems to be the parent of the most massive meteor shower \u2013 the Geminids \u2014 which raises questions about how the asteroid loses mass. Can it be that asteroid and comet tails have more to do with plasma discharge near the Sun than with sublimating ices? Parsimony of hypotheses suggests that like comets, asteroid 3200 Phaethon\u2019s meteoroidal dust tail is easily explained by surface arc machining, rather than the superficially appealing story, \u201cintense solar heating blasts the asteroid\u2019s rocky surface, causing 3200 Phaethon to shed meteoroids like embers spitting off a log in a roaring campfire.\u201d<\/em> Where are the volatiles to cause the spitting? What\u2019s more those embers should have \u2018gone out\u2019 long ago.<\/span><\/p>\n

It will be interesting to witness if this article is the first in an attempt to save face by rewriting history. Experts demand to be in control of the narrative. This is easiest when the story impacts a single discipline. But if a comet is shown to be solid rock of low porosity and low mass, there is a fundamental physics issue that will change everything.<\/p>\n

The American Geophysical Union has its Fall 2014 meeting in San Francisco this week. The first science results from the Rosetta mission are due to be shared at that meeting on the 17<\/span>th<\/span><\/sup>. Watch the language for assimilation of prior\u00a0Electric Universe\u00a0ideas. Comets do not have a hard crust covering an icy interior. There is no difference between comets and rocky asteroids other than the high eccentricity of comet orbits, which swings them toward and away from our electrified star and results in energetic electric discharge behaviour. The electrical model of comets, first proposed in the 19th century, is long overdue for re-assessment as the first step in establishing a real, rather than imaginary, context for\u00a03rd millennium\u00a0science. Only then can Rosetta live up to its name. An Electric Universe cosmology is a fundamental correction\u00a0that has \u00a0already been delayed by dogma\u00a0for\u00a0a century.<\/span><\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.holoscience.com\/wp\/congratulations-rosetta-shame-about-the-science\/<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Congratulations Rosetta, Shame About The Science\u2026 By Wal Thornhill   Congratulations to the\u00a0team responsible for the success of the Rosetta mission\u00a0to comet 67 P Churyumov-Gerasimenko (henceforth 67 P). However, it\u2019s a shame that scientists misled the engineers with their cherished story of icy comets, which resulted in an inappropriate design…<\/p>\n

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