Universal Aether as the Medium Transmitting Light Waves in Maxwell's Equasion

[Brigit]

There is a curious and interesting scientific demonstration most of us have seen.

When light passes through various mediums, it slows down. Then something interesting happens.
After the light waves have passed through -- glass, for example -- and it returns back into the atmosphere, it speeds back up again to "light speed."

In the Electric Universe, the speed of light, which appears to be a physical constant, is actually dependent on the medium that carries the electromagnetic waves. And just like the changes in the velocity of light as it passes through a glass of water, the velocity of light in interstellar space is carried by a medium that gives light its characteristic velocity.

This was expressed mathematically in Maxwell's equations in the following way:

• Vem = 1/ √μ0ε0

where Vem is the velocity of the electromagnetic wave,

μ0 is the permeability and

ε0 is the permittivity

of the bulk material through which the electromagnetic wave passes.

Wal Thornhill often expressed that Einstein was incorrect to remove the medium.

At any rate, the permittivity and permeability of certain gases and other materials are used in various technologies, like lightning arrestors, and are extremely helpful in handling high voltage spikes. The permittivity and permeability of material is a lot more useful and applicable than Einstein's speculative speed limit.

[joabel1971]

Please stop calling it Aether. It's likely plasma. Cold, hydrogen, highly ionized plasma (CHHIP).

[Brigit]

Hello!

In "An Electric Cosmology for the 21st Century" Wal Thornhill remarked,

• "Einstein bequeathed us a disconnected, incoherent universe that cannot function or give rise to life. Also, Einstein in his Special Theory of Relativity postulated there was no medium, called the aether, but Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism absolutely requires it. So Einstein at a stroke removed any possibility that he or his followers would find a link between electromagnetism and gravity."

So I am setting out to show the aether as it is found in Maxwell's equations.

In the Electric Universe model you will find some modestly startling ideas, but most are firmly based in past scientific debates that have a lot of published papers, experiments, etc.. I mention it because I never know how much familiarity a person has with it!

For example, the Electric Universe rejects the Big Bang, as well as the expanding universe, black holes, string theory, STR, GTR, the Nebular Hypothesis; it finds quantum theory to be mainly a probabilistic description only of subatomic events, and it is essentially catastrophic in its interpretation of all the scarring on planets and moons in the Solar System, including the Earth. The aether is the medium that carries light, among many things.

But I mainly wanted to show how it works in Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism. Cheers, you probably knew all of that already!

[Brigit]

A Little History

Britannica1979

• "ether, or aether, also called luminiferous ether, in physics, a theoretical, universal substance believed during the 19th century to act as the medium for transmission of electromagnetyic waves (eg, light and X-rays) much as sound waves are trasmitted by elestic media such as air.
  
  Ether, or aether, was assumed to be weightless, transparent, frictionless, undetectable chemically..., and literally permeating all matter and space.
  
  The theory met with increasing difficulties as the nature of light and the structure of matter became better understood; it was seriously weakened (1881) by the Michelson-Morley experiment, which was designed specifically to detect the motion of the earth through the ether and which showed that there was no such effect.
  
  With the formulation of the special theory of relativity by Einstein in 1905 and its acceptance by scientists generally, the ether hypothesis was abandoned as being unnecessary in terms of Einstein's assumption that the speed of light, or any electromagnetic wave, is a universal constant."

Now the advance that the Electric Universe model offers is that the aether, which was discarded by Einstein, is made up of a plenum of neutrinos which pervades space. Neutrinos are not physically impossible to detect, but do have a "vanishingly small mass."


Neutrinos are --
the most collapsed form of matter;
able to accept extremely high energies;
able to split into pairs, an electron and a positron, when caught in the highest em radiation events involving gamma (and maybe lower) ;
able to allow for pair production in high energy electric discharges, especially when resonances from large atoms are present;
allow for a physical cause of the order of daughter products in radioactive decay

[Maol]

What force causes the speed of light to be whatever it is in whatever particular medium, and why no faster?

What force causes it to accelerate back up after it has slowed down when it "passes through various mediums" and what limits the speed, why doesn't it continue to accelerate ?

[Cargo]

What force causes gravity to be whatever it is? Could be the next question. Or is light forceless? ;]

The Universe is Free 99.9%. Which means that it wants to move always. Light itself you could say, doesn't move by itself. Therefore concepts of some 'force' causing 'it' to accelerate or decelerate seems off track. Light is an Effect, our wonderfully perfect apparition of the electric universe.

[jacmac]

If you walk at a steady effort on a flat road then come to a stretch of deep sand, then back on to the road
it would seem to an observer that you slowed in the sand and accelerated when leaving the sand.
But did your "walking effort" change or increase ?

[Brigit]

There are official approved orthodox answers to why light is slowed by transparent media and why it returns to its original velocity.

And also, in the official view, the speed of light in space is simply declared to be a constant, 'c'.

But returning to Maxwell, he identified light as an electromagnetic process, where "the electric displacement and the magnetic disturbance are perpendicular to each other" -- and showed that it is a wave, which travels through a medium.

• Maxwell, James Clerk (1831-1879), a Scottish physicist. Maxwell demonstrated mathematically that electromagnetic radiation travels through space in transverse waves, and that the waves are formed by pulsating electrical and magnetic fields. He postulated that light is a form of electromagnetic radiation, and predicted that other forms of this radiation would be found. The discovery of radio waves and X rays soon proved him to be correct." ~New Standard Encyc. 1999

A diagram of light as a form of electromagnetic radiation, as Maxwell was first to discover --

• https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ ... ue.svg.png

James Maxwell wrote about his views on the propagation of light waves through a medium in an article that appeared in the Encyclopedia Britannica. After giving a definition, an etymology, and a brief history of "the hypothesis of ether", he wrote,

• "The evidence for the existence of the luminiferous aether has accumulated as additional phenomena of light and other radiations have been discovered; and the properties of this medium, as deduced from the phenomena of light, have been found to be precisely those required to explain electromagnetic phenomena."

ref:
https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop ... Ether_(2.)

[Brigit]

In the article on Ether by James Clerk Maxwell he calculates the density of the ether, and describes many experiments to detect it, including his own. He discusses whether it can be held in a body, or whether it passes through bodies in space like water through a net.

In this section, he describes the quality of ether which allows it to transmit transverse vibrations, and the inability of "gross matter" to do this.

• The aether distinct from gross matter.
  
  "When light travels through the atmosphere it is manifest that the medium through which the light is propagated is not the air itself, for in the first place the air cannot transmit transverse vibrations, and the normal vibrations which the air does transmit travel about a million times slower than light. Solid transparent bodies, such as glass and crystals, are no doubt capable of transmitting transverse vibrations, but the velocity of transmission is still hundreds of thousand times less than that with which light is transmitted through these bodies. We are therefore obliged to suppose that the medium through which light is propagated is something distinct from the transparent medium known to us, though it interpenetrates all transparent bodies and probably opaque bodies too.
  
  The velocity of light, however, is different in different transparent media, and we must therefore suppose that these media take some part in the process, and that their particles are vibrating as well as those of the aether, but the energy of the vibrations of the gross particles must be very much smaller than that of the aether, for otherwise a much larger proportion of the incident light would be reflected when a ray passes from vacuum to glass or from glass to vacuum than we find to be the case."

[crawler]

Photons are a hole in the aether, plus an excitation of the aether, propagating at c.
Photons emit photaenos, which too are a hole plus excitation, & too propagate at c.
The hole is due to the annihilation of aether.
Aether flows/accelerates in to replace the loss.
The acceleration gives us what we call mass (gravitational mass & inertial mass).
If photons & their photaenos saturate aether then that somehow slows propagation of photons (& photaenos).
The speed of propagation depends on the level of saturation.
Saturation is not very great near mass.
Saturation is great inside mass (eg in air water glass etc).
Particles etc are confined or semi-confined photons.
Free photons (light) have mass, & energy, but zero momentum.
Confined or semi-confined photons have momentum.
Photons are not waves. Free photons are not particles. Photons are allmost eternal.
A neutrino is a pair of intertwined free photons sharing an axis.

I just realized. I have never given any thort to the possibility of the existence of intertwined confined or intertwined semi-confined photons.
These would be in effect neutrinos that orbited a nucleus in an atom. These would have mass, but would have little effect on chemistry etc.
Hmmmmm.