Now Halton Arp theorized, based on numerous observations of the redshifts and alignment of galaxies, quasars and other objects, that galaxies evolve out of quasars ejected from active galactic nuclei (AGNs). Sound familiar? Here is one of his papers … http://www.haltonarp.com/articles/origi ... y_clusters. He found many examples of multiple quasars associated with a nearby AGN (http://www.haltonarp.com/articles/faint ... shifts.pdf , http://www.haltonarp.com/articles/intri ... laxies.pdf ). With this data, he formulated a theory illustrated with the following figure:A new model of the cosmos does away with the universe's two most troubling and mysterious elements, dark energy and dark matter, collectively referred to as the dark universe. Here's the idea.
The new concept replaces the dark universe with a multitude of step-like bursts called "transient temporal singularities" that erupt throughout the entire cosmos.
It's possible, scientists say, that these transient temporal singularities could open to flood the universe with matter and energy, causing the very fabric of space to expand. Those rifts would close so quickly they would remain undetectable, leaving us to see the expansion of the cosmos we credit to dark energy, and the gravitational influence we attribute to dark matter.
"The new model can account for both structure formation and stability, and the key observational properties of the expansion of the universe at large, by enlisting density singularities in time that uniformly affect all space to replace conventional dark matter and dark energy," research author Richard Lieu, a physics professor at The University of Alabama in Huntsville, said in a statement.
Other scientists have reached similar conclusion. For example, the authors of a 2004 paper … https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0401147 … calculated the probability of three background galaxies of any type being randomly projected on a filament of a fourth galaxy at 3 BILLION to 1. And, furthermore, as the linked abstract of that paper states, the “detection of very vigorous star formation observed in the HII galaxies of the filament would have a low probability if they were background normal-giant galaxies; instead, the intensity of the lines is typical of dwarf HII galaxies.” So the probability of this is even lower than 3 billion to 1. In the paper, the authors conclude that non-cosmological redshift couldn’t be rejected. They considered the hypothesis of galaxies ejecting new matter (as proposed by Halton Arp) and thought it fit the system very well. In the end, they favored the ejection hypothesis because it explains the low probabilities in the system.