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There's still a problem of GeV range gammas. And the curious dependence of their emission on the cycle phase (more high energy photons at minimum, and from the equatorial region of all places), as well as their unusual spectrum.
Indeed, these things are problems needing solutions, and I don't claim that my laborious calculation (done partly as a demonstration to people of how to do order of magnitude sanity checks, in the hope that they'll do more themselves) answers any of them. It merely confirms that some low level of pp fusion can take place in the corona, that the level is quite insignificant as a contribution to the solar energy ouput, but that some measurable 3He and 0.511MeV photons could result. Presumably the 0.511MeV photon intensity could give a measure of pp fusion rate at various places with some assumptions. By the unusual spectrum, I assume you mean the unexplained dip in gamma.
So far as density in the corona goes, the temperature is measured by spectroscopy and the density is determined by multi-colour photometry and polarimetry. See: Dudik et al, Electron Densities in the Solar Corona Measured Simultaneously in the Extreme-Ultraviolet and Infra-Red, https://arxiv.org/abs/2011.09175; or Del Zanna and Mason, Solar UV and X-ray spectral diagnostics, Living Rev Sol Phys 15, 5 (2018).
By the way, aren’t the GeV gamma supposedly something to do with cosmic ray interaction?Higgsy wrote: ↑Mon Dec 28, 2020 3:15 pmIndeed, these things are problems needing solutions, and I don't claim that my laborious calculation (done partly as a demonstration to people of how to do order of magnitude sanity checks, in the hope that they'll do more themselves) answers any of them. It merely confirms that some low level of pp fusion can take place in the corona, that the level is quite insignificant as a contribution to the solar energy ouput, but that some measurable 3He and 0.511MeV photons could result. Presumably the 0.511MeV photon intensity could give a measure of pp fusion rate at various places with some assumptions. By the unusual spectrum, I assume you mean the unexplained dip in gamma.
Of course.
I would like to point out Robitaille's idea that the ionization in the corona may be not thermal (or at least not only thermal), but rather chemical in nature (arising from high electron affinity of [hypothetical?] hydrogen clusters present there that strip other elements of their electrons), and therefore the measurements of temperature inferred from it are flawed. Whether he is right or wrong I cannot say, as I haven't studied the question enough, but the idea looks pretty elegant to me, as it removes the "heating problem" entirely.
Supposedly. But the papers I saw on the topic (in early 2019) claimed that there is yet no working model of how they would generate the observed spectra/long-term dynamics. It is kinda obvious that cosmic rays would be the first suspect simply due to their energy, but what else is at work there - we don't quite know. I would assume there are already a few dozens of papers (if not more - I may be too optimistic) on arXiv invoking new physics to explain that.
I am entirely unconvinced by Robitaille's proposal from the very first step in his chain of logic where he misunderstands Kirchoff's law to apply only to condensed matter, and wrongly claims that thermal radiation cannot be emitted by a highly ionised Maxwellian gas, through pretty much every step of his logic. With regard to the specific claim you refer to, it seems to be an entirely hand-waving suggestion. He doesn't explain how hydrogen can exist in the liquid metallic state in the conditions of the corona (even if the corona temperature is "only" a few thousand K and at a hydrostatic pressure commensurate with the boundary condition of effectively zero pressure), he doesn't make any claim for the electron affinity and electro-negativity of liquid metallic hydrogen, and he doesn't explain how this chemical process can strip electrons to Fe-XIV and beyond at a detectable rate. Just because he wrote down a reaction doesn't mean that that reaction will happen at a detectable rate (or at all). (Robitaille, Pierre-Marie. (2013). The Liquid Metallic Hydrogen Model of the Sun and the Solar Atmosphere V. On the Nature of the Corona. Progress in Physics. 3. L22-L25. available in ResearchGate )paladin17 wrote: ↑Mon Dec 28, 2020 6:54 pm I would like to point out Robitaille's idea that the ionization in the corona may be not thermal (or at least not only thermal), but rather chemical in nature (arising from high electron affinity of [hypothetical?] hydrogen clusters present there that strip other elements of their electrons), and therefore the measurements of temperature inferred from it are flawed. Whether he is right or wrong I cannot say, as I haven't studied the question enough, but the idea looks pretty elegant to me, as it removes the "heating problem" entirely.
There's also: Harry P. Warren and David H. Brooks , The temperature and density structure of the solar corona, 2009 ApJ 700 762, available hereHiggsy wrote: ↑Mon Dec 28, 2020 3:53 pmSo far as density in the corona goes, the temperature is measured by spectroscopy and the density is determined by multi-colour photometry and polarimetry. See: Dudik et al, Electron Densities in the Solar Corona Measured Simultaneously in the Extreme-Ultraviolet and Infra-Red, https://arxiv.org/abs/2011.09175; or Del Zanna and Mason, Solar UV and X-ray spectral diagnostics, Living Rev Sol Phys 15, 5 (2018).
It should be noted that most of the higher energy lines associated highly ionized Iron and Silicon occur inside of "coronal loops","magnetic ropes", 'Birkeland currents", whatever you wish to call them. The *electrical current* flowing through them, and resistance to that currents, sustains the plasma at these high temperatures. The sun's corona also scatters the light around from their emissions points. The whole corona doesn't have to actually be 1MK, but the average coronal loop, even during 'quiet" periods is approximately 1MK.Higgsy wrote: ↑Wed Dec 30, 2020 11:48 pmThere's also: Harry P. Warren and David H. Brooks , The temperature and density structure of the solar corona, 2009 ApJ 700 762, available hereHiggsy wrote: ↑Mon Dec 28, 2020 3:53 pmSo far as density in the corona goes, the temperature is measured by spectroscopy and the density is determined by multi-colour photometry and polarimetry. See: Dudik et al, Electron Densities in the Solar Corona Measured Simultaneously in the Extreme-Ultraviolet and Infra-Red, https://arxiv.org/abs/2011.09175; or Del Zanna and Mason, Solar UV and X-ray spectral diagnostics, Living Rev Sol Phys 15, 5 (2018).
and Young et al High-precision density measurements in the solar corona, A&A 495, 587–606 (2009), here