The Electric Earth
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The Electric Earth
The original v2.0 'The Electric Earth' can be found here:
https://www.thunderbolts.info/forum/php ... f=4&t=3420
with the final v2.0 page here:
https://www.thunderbolts.info/forum/php ... &start=210
STEVE Strange
The atmospheric phenomenon known as STEVE just got stranger.
https://www.space.com/steve-picket-fenc ... ks-mystery
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com ... 20AV000183
"Nobody knows what causes STEVE, but scientists agree it's no mere aurora. Auroras appear when charged particles from the sun sail across space and crackle along Earth's magnetic field lines; STEVE, meanwhile, is a river of hot, turbulent gas that shows up independently of that solar weather..."
"Now, a newfound feature of STEVE that only appears in the lower ionosphere has scientists puzzling over the ethereal lights again."
STEVE has got scientists puzzled.
https://www.thunderbolts.info/forum/php ... f=4&t=3420
with the final v2.0 page here:
https://www.thunderbolts.info/forum/php ... &start=210
STEVE Strange
The atmospheric phenomenon known as STEVE just got stranger.
https://www.space.com/steve-picket-fenc ... ks-mystery
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com ... 20AV000183
"Nobody knows what causes STEVE, but scientists agree it's no mere aurora. Auroras appear when charged particles from the sun sail across space and crackle along Earth's magnetic field lines; STEVE, meanwhile, is a river of hot, turbulent gas that shows up independently of that solar weather..."
"Now, a newfound feature of STEVE that only appears in the lower ionosphere has scientists puzzling over the ethereal lights again."
STEVE has got scientists puzzled.
- Brigit
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Re: The Electric Earth
by Robertus Maximus » Wed Nov 25, 2020 12:30 pm
Whenever I see that word, I see sTeVe!"Nobody knows what causes STEVE, but scientists agree it's no mere aurora.
“Oh for shame, how these mortals put the blame upon us gods, for they say evils come from us, when it is they rather who by their own recklessness win sorrow beyond what is given…”
~Homer
~Homer
- JP Michael
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- JP Michael
- Posts: 538
- Joined: Sun Oct 27, 2019 4:19 am
Re: The Electric Earth
Mosquito Tornadoes.
This raises some very interesting questions about atmosphere, electric fields/currents, and attraction of our insect friends.
There are a great many accounts of insect plagues associated with catastrophism, one immediate example I can cite comes from Habakkuk chapter 3:3-5:
This area needs more research.
This raises some very interesting questions about atmosphere, electric fields/currents, and attraction of our insect friends.
There are a great many accounts of insect plagues associated with catastrophism, one immediate example I can cite comes from Habakkuk chapter 3:3-5:
The Exodus plagues are far more obvious, and there are many similar accounts in other traditions that I cannot cite right now.God came from Teman, and the Holy One from Mount Paran. Selah. His splendor covered the heavens, and the earth was full of his praise.
His brightness was like the light; rays flashed from his hand; and there he veiled his power.
Before him went pestilence, and plague followed at his heels.
This area needs more research.
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Re: The Electric Earth
It has also been studied and revealed that spiders can sense/web the earth's magnetic field. Animals can 'sense' earthquakes log before they arrive. etc etc.
Using Magneto's power.
"Spiders fly on the currents of Earth's electric field"
Using Magneto's power.

interstellar filaments conducted electricity having currents as high as 10 thousand billion amperes
"You know not what. .. Perhaps you no longer trust your feelings,." Michael Clarage
"Charge separation prevents the collapse of stars." Wal Thornhill
"You know not what. .. Perhaps you no longer trust your feelings,." Michael Clarage
"Charge separation prevents the collapse of stars." Wal Thornhill
- JP Michael
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- Joined: Sun Oct 27, 2019 4:19 am
Re: The Electric Earth
Fractal Lichtenberg Formations in Mountains, Valleys and Rivers Worldwide
This post serves as proof that electrical forces shaped the majority of world mountain formations and left telltale Lichtenberg fractal patterns wherever they went. For examples of Lichtenberg patterns, see here.
Many mountain, valley and river basins may trace their origins from the sea where the discharges seem to have originated. Lichtenberg fractals repeatedly split (branch - just like trees do) the further away they get from the discharge location. Since the majority of river catchments exhibit the most splitting furthest from the sea (e.g. Nile, Amazon, Mississippi river catchments), it follows that they were originally carved out from discharges originating in an extremely electrified ocean. Exactly under what conditions the ocean became thus electrified, or how much electricity was required to form various fractal forms remains to be debated and calculated.
It is my premise that rivers flow in valleys amidst mountains that were already carved out/pushed up by electrical discharge originating from the ocean and not the other way around. The idea that rivers carved out the valleys until they reached the ocean is now questionable.
Most of the imagery below utilises Google Earth and may take time to load.
Moutains and Valleys
McDonnell Ranges, Northern Territory, AU
British Colombia, Canada
Franklin State Forest, Tennessee/Alabama Border, USA.
Bungle Bungle, Western Australia.
Scambridge Gulf, Western Australia
Cape York, Queensland, Australia.
Rockies, Colorado, USA
Northern Blue Mountains, New South Wales, Australia.
Arunachal Pradesh, India/China.
Himalayas, Nepal.
Jammu and Kashmir, India/Pakistan/China.
Altai Tavan Bogt, Russia/Mongolia
Putoranskiy, Siberia
Afghanistan
The Alps, Europe
Pyrenees, Spain/France/Andorra
Yemen
Negev, Israel.
Angola
Namibia
Andes, Peru
Andes, Chile (North)
Andes, Chile (South)
Antartica
South Island, New Zealand
South Korea
Fjordlands, Norway.
Northern Iceland
Northern Greenland
Alaska
Yukon, Canada
etc...
River Catchments
Murray-Darling River Catchment, Australia
Mississippi River Catchment, USA
Blue Nile Catchment, Ethiopia
Amazon River Catchment, Brazil
etc...
These formations serve as an extremely strong proof that electricity, manifesting in its identifiable fractal morphologies in various igneous and sedimentary mediums, was one of, if not the, major causative process for mountain and valley formation worldwide.
Further work is required by competent geophysicists and electrical engineers to determine:
1. The specific morphologies of electrical discharge (Lichtenberg figures) in mediums of various kinds of rock for the purposes of categorisation;
2. The categorisation of discharge patterns observed in mountain, valley and river formations at macro scales.
3. Determination whether discharge patterns continue at smaller scales within individual geological formations (e.g. Bungle Bungle specifically, rather than the Bungle Bungles as part of the overall fractal morphologies of north Western Australia)
Anyone want to take up the challenge? I don't have any more time to spend on this right now, sadly.
This post serves as proof that electrical forces shaped the majority of world mountain formations and left telltale Lichtenberg fractal patterns wherever they went. For examples of Lichtenberg patterns, see here.
Many mountain, valley and river basins may trace their origins from the sea where the discharges seem to have originated. Lichtenberg fractals repeatedly split (branch - just like trees do) the further away they get from the discharge location. Since the majority of river catchments exhibit the most splitting furthest from the sea (e.g. Nile, Amazon, Mississippi river catchments), it follows that they were originally carved out from discharges originating in an extremely electrified ocean. Exactly under what conditions the ocean became thus electrified, or how much electricity was required to form various fractal forms remains to be debated and calculated.
It is my premise that rivers flow in valleys amidst mountains that were already carved out/pushed up by electrical discharge originating from the ocean and not the other way around. The idea that rivers carved out the valleys until they reached the ocean is now questionable.
Most of the imagery below utilises Google Earth and may take time to load.
Moutains and Valleys
McDonnell Ranges, Northern Territory, AU
British Colombia, Canada
Franklin State Forest, Tennessee/Alabama Border, USA.
Bungle Bungle, Western Australia.
Scambridge Gulf, Western Australia
Cape York, Queensland, Australia.
Rockies, Colorado, USA
Northern Blue Mountains, New South Wales, Australia.
Arunachal Pradesh, India/China.
Himalayas, Nepal.
Jammu and Kashmir, India/Pakistan/China.
Altai Tavan Bogt, Russia/Mongolia
Putoranskiy, Siberia
Afghanistan
The Alps, Europe
Pyrenees, Spain/France/Andorra
Yemen
Negev, Israel.
Angola
Namibia
Andes, Peru
Andes, Chile (North)
Andes, Chile (South)
Antartica
South Island, New Zealand
South Korea
Fjordlands, Norway.
Northern Iceland
Northern Greenland
Alaska
Yukon, Canada
etc...
River Catchments
Murray-Darling River Catchment, Australia
Mississippi River Catchment, USA
Blue Nile Catchment, Ethiopia
Amazon River Catchment, Brazil
etc...
These formations serve as an extremely strong proof that electricity, manifesting in its identifiable fractal morphologies in various igneous and sedimentary mediums, was one of, if not the, major causative process for mountain and valley formation worldwide.
Further work is required by competent geophysicists and electrical engineers to determine:
1. The specific morphologies of electrical discharge (Lichtenberg figures) in mediums of various kinds of rock for the purposes of categorisation;
2. The categorisation of discharge patterns observed in mountain, valley and river formations at macro scales.
3. Determination whether discharge patterns continue at smaller scales within individual geological formations (e.g. Bungle Bungle specifically, rather than the Bungle Bungles as part of the overall fractal morphologies of north Western Australia)
Anyone want to take up the challenge? I don't have any more time to spend on this right now, sadly.
- JP Michael
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- Joined: Sun Oct 27, 2019 4:19 am
Re: The Electric Earth
I mean seriously, how can anyone who knows what a Lichtenberg figure is look at this (one of my favs in northern South Australia) and say it wasn't formed by the same cause?
- GaryN
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- Location: Sooke, BC
- Contact:
Re: The Electric Earth
Electro-magnetic geomorphology should be a recognised academic area of research, but they are not interested. My years of research and documentation of geology forms and features in my area shows without a doubt that they could not have been formed by any of the presently ascribed mechanisms. My attempts to get some opinions on the origin of some of these features from my local University has drawn no response, no doubt because they can offer no conventional explanation.It is my premise that rivers flow in valleys amidst mountains that were already carved out/pushed up by electrical discharge originating from the ocean and not the other way around. The idea that rivers carved out the valleys until they reached the ocean is now questionable.
The features I have observed though can be explained by mechanisms utilised by industry and science to process various types of rock for specific purposes, so the field of electro-magnetic geomorphology does exist, but is not considered by planetary geologists for more than lightning discharge effects. As with other academic disciplines that fail a scientific smell test on closer examination, there is no way to challenge their dogmas, they are too firmly established and 'untouchable'.
“I think 99 times and find nothing. I stop thinking, swim in silence, and the truth comes to me.” -Albert Einstein
- nick c
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Re: The Electric Earth
Standing Waves Unexpectedly Discovered at the Edge of the Earth's Magnetosphere
Buffeted by a constant stream of charged particles from the solar wind, Earth is not without its protection. Our planet is wrapped in a bubble of magnetism called the magnetosphere.....
- nick c
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- Joined: Mon Mar 17, 2008 3:12 am
Re: The Electric Earth
This article was pointed out to me in an email from a Thunderbolts friend.
Rockets to uncover electric circuit that powers the Northern Lights
From the article:
Didn't the article's writer leave out an important point? No where is it mentioned that the Earth is part of a larger circuit centered upon the Sun. The only nention is of the connection to "near-Earth space". But that connection to near Earth space is intermediary and ultimately sourced from the Sun.
In fact a "find" search of the article for the words "Sun" or "solar" yields nothing.
I am sure that the TBP will be eager to analyze the data from this probe.
Rockets to uncover electric circuit that powers the Northern Lights
From the article:
Curiously, there is a lack of context in this article.But auroras are just one part of a much larger system. Like a lightbulb plugged into an outlet, they are powered by a larger electrical circuit connecting our planet to near-Earth space.
Didn't the article's writer leave out an important point? No where is it mentioned that the Earth is part of a larger circuit centered upon the Sun. The only nention is of the connection to "near-Earth space". But that connection to near Earth space is intermediary and ultimately sourced from the Sun.
In fact a "find" search of the article for the words "Sun" or "solar" yields nothing.
I am sure that the TBP will be eager to analyze the data from this probe.
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Re: The Electric Earth
That sure is a familiar diagram at the top of the article. But the cause of the phenomenon is the familiar slam, bang, pow the astrologers trot out for everything:
https://www.newsbytesapp.com/news/scien ... oras/story
Here is another article that gives more details about the missions:In the ionosphere, these two populations merge—colliding, combining with one another and separating again, and interacting in complex ways. It is a chaotic scene. And yet, this turbulent mixing in the ionosphere is what keeps the auroral current churning.
https://www.newsbytesapp.com/news/scien ... oras/story
I despair of any of these "scientists" having the curiosity to see if anyone has already investigated the auroras or the behavior of charged particles in a circuit:The primary objective of the ACES 2 mission is to investigate the distribution of electric currents in the ionosphere and its associated energy dissipation.
As a part of this mission, two Black Brant IX rockets will be launched. They can reach an altitude of about 600km and can ship payloads weighing between 180kg to 540kg.
Wondering how auroras are caused? Well, there are electrons traveling toward Earth from space. As they cross our planet's magnetic field, they interact with the gases in the atmosphere. This in turn produces a visible glow.
Time is what prevents everything from happening all at once.
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Re: The Electric Earth
NASA Discovers a Long-Sought Global Electric Field on Earth
https://science.nasa.gov/science-resear ... -on-earth/
The Earth is electric!
The implications for the electric sun hypothesis should be clear.
https://science.nasa.gov/science-resear ... -on-earth/
The Earth is electric!
The implications for the electric sun hypothesis should be clear.
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Re: The Electric Earth
I was just going to make a new thread about this, expect I was going to title it "NASA discovers Electricity (almost)"
Because the lunacy on display by this paper is off the chart cognitive dissonance.
It's always "wind". The predominant force is 'gravity' and 'magnetism'. Even when they mention Electric forces it is wrapped lies. Bald Face Lies!
And grace of the angels don't get me started 'ambipolar electrostatic field'. I would burn this precious peer-review journal paper to ashes.
Because the lunacy on display by this paper is off the chart cognitive dissonance.
It's always "wind". The predominant force is 'gravity' and 'magnetism'. Even when they mention Electric forces it is wrapped lies. Bald Face Lies!
Do they mention "current" anywhere. No.Endurance measured a change in electric potential of only 0.55 volts
Wind!?!“A half a volt is almost nothing — it’s only about as strong as a watch battery,” Collinson said. “But that’s just the right amount to explain the polar wind.”
And 'outward force' 10.6 times X gravity. What other 'force' by that be? "Wind" we are told.Hydrogen ions, the most abundant type of particle in the polar wind, experience an outward force from this field 10.6 times stronger than gravity. “That’s more than enough to counter gravity — in fact, it’s enough to launch them upwards into space at supersonic speeds,” said Alex Glocer, Endurance project scientist at NASA Goddard and co-author of the paper.
You should be chastised and expunged from every science club on earth for voicing such nonsense.“It’s like this conveyor belt, lifting the atmosphere up into space,” Collinson added
This gravity/magnetism quackery will never discover anything. What a joke and waste of money.Endurance’s discovery has opened many new paths for exploration. The ambipolar field, as a fundamental energy field of our planet alongside gravity and magnetism, may have continuously shaped the evolution of our atmosphere in ways we can now begin to explore.
And grace of the angels don't get me started 'ambipolar electrostatic field'. I would burn this precious peer-review journal paper to ashes.
interstellar filaments conducted electricity having currents as high as 10 thousand billion amperes
"You know not what. .. Perhaps you no longer trust your feelings,." Michael Clarage
"Charge separation prevents the collapse of stars." Wal Thornhill
"You know not what. .. Perhaps you no longer trust your feelings,." Michael Clarage
"Charge separation prevents the collapse of stars." Wal Thornhill
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Re: The Electric Earth per AI
I asked Perplexity.ai what the total charge in the ionosphere is. It said it couldn't find an answer. So I said Ralph Juergens said Alfven calculated Earth's total charge. I thought Juergens said something like that, but AI corrected me. It replied as follows. (Note that it actually quoted Electric Universe sources. Can you believe it?)
Ralph Juergens did not say that Alfvén calculated Earth's total charge. The search results do not contain any information about Alfvén calculating Earth's total charge or Juergens attributing such a calculation to Alfvén.
Instead, the search results mention that Juergens and Alfvén had different perspectives on electric currents in space:
Juergens proposed an "Electric Sun" model, suggesting that the Sun is powered by electric currents from galactic space1,3.
Alfvén, on the other hand, described an electric current system in interplanetary space, with a current sheet near the Sun's equatorial plane and currents passing through the Sun's polar regions3.
Juergens estimated a solar wind current of 10^15 amperes, while Alfvén calculated a total current in the equatorial current sheet of 3 x 10^9 amperes3.
These discussions focus on solar and interplanetary currents, not Earth's total charge. There is no mention of Alfvén calculating Earth's total charge or Juergens attributing such a calculation to him.
1. https://www.velikovsky.info/electric-sun-model/
2. https://www.kronos-press.com/juergens/k ... tric-i.htm
3. https://www.electricuniverse.info/electric-sun-theory/
Ralph Juergens did not say that Alfvén calculated Earth's total charge. The search results do not contain any information about Alfvén calculating Earth's total charge or Juergens attributing such a calculation to Alfvén.
Instead, the search results mention that Juergens and Alfvén had different perspectives on electric currents in space:
Juergens proposed an "Electric Sun" model, suggesting that the Sun is powered by electric currents from galactic space1,3.
Alfvén, on the other hand, described an electric current system in interplanetary space, with a current sheet near the Sun's equatorial plane and currents passing through the Sun's polar regions3.
Juergens estimated a solar wind current of 10^15 amperes, while Alfvén calculated a total current in the equatorial current sheet of 3 x 10^9 amperes3.
These discussions focus on solar and interplanetary currents, not Earth's total charge. There is no mention of Alfvén calculating Earth's total charge or Juergens attributing such a calculation to him.
1. https://www.velikovsky.info/electric-sun-model/
2. https://www.kronos-press.com/juergens/k ... tric-i.htm
3. https://www.electricuniverse.info/electric-sun-theory/
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Re: The Electric Earth
IONOSPHERE DENSITIES & ELECTRIC CURRENTS
I had thought that the ionosphere has a net positive charge, but Perplexity.AI says otherwise, though it does mention electric currents.
Here's a simple table showing the approximate densities for each layer of the ionosphere:
Layer -- Height (km) -- Negative Density (cm⁻³) -- Positive Density (cm⁻³) -- Neutral Density (cm⁻³)
D ------------- 48-90 --------------- 10² - 10⁴ ------------- 10² - 10⁴ ----------------- 10¹³ - 10¹⁵
E ------------- 90-150 -------------- 10⁵ ------------------- 10⁵ ----------------------- 10¹¹ - 10¹³
F1 ----------- 150-220 ------------- 10⁵ - 10⁶ ------------- 10⁵ - 10⁶ ----------------- 10⁹ - 10¹¹
F2 ----------- 220-500+ ------------ 10⁶ ------------------- 10⁶ ----------------------- 10⁷ - 10⁹
Note: These values are approximate and can vary significantly based on time of day, season, solar activity, and latitude. The negative density primarily refers to electrons, while the positive density refers to ions. The neutral density decreases with altitude, while ionization generally increases.
None of the ionospheric layers have a predominantly positive or negative charge. The ionosphere maintains quasi-neutrality throughout its layers, meaning the number of positively charged ions is approximately equal to the number of negatively charged electrons1. This balance of charges is a fundamental characteristic of ionospheric plasma.
1. https://link.springer.com/referencework ... 4520-4_194
The electrons (from the solar wind) that cause auroras do not reach the ground. Instead, they collide with atoms and molecules in Earth's upper atmosphere, typically at an altitude of about 60-200 miles (100-320 kilometers) above the Earth's surface1,3. When these high-energy electrons interact with oxygen and nitrogen atoms in the ionosphere, they transfer their energy, causing the atoms to become excited4. As these excited atoms return to their normal state, they emit photons, creating the colorful light displays we see as auroras4.
After the collisions, the electrons lose most of their energy. Some of the lower-energy secondary electrons that result from these collisions may:
_Continue to interact with other atmospheric particles, causing further excitation and light emission.
_Be scattered in various directions, including back up towards space1.
_Gradually lose more energy through subsequent collisions and eventually become part of the ionosphere.
The electrons do not penetrate further down into the lower atmosphere or reach the Earth's surface due to the increasing density of the atmosphere at lower altitudes, which effectively stops their downward motion3.
1. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2 ... 185043.htm
2. https://www.energy.gov/science/fes/arti ... fven-waves
3. https://phys.org/news/2018-02-scientist ... thern.html
4. https://www.space.com/aurora-origin-mys ... -electrons
The electrons from the solar wind that enter Earth's upper atmosphere do not directly push other electrons out of the atmosphere. Instead, the process is more complex and involves several mechanisms:
Trapping and redirection: Earth's magnetic field captures many of the incoming solar wind electrons, trapping them in the magnetosphere and redirecting them towards the polar regions1.
Energy transfer: When these high-energy electrons collide with atoms and molecules in the upper atmosphere (typically at altitudes of 100-320 km), they transfer their energy, causing excitation of atmospheric particles4.
Atmospheric interactions: After colliding with atmospheric particles, the electrons lose most of their energy. Some may:
Continue interacting with other atmospheric particles
Be scattered in various directions, including back towards space
Gradually lose more energy and become part of the ionosphere4
Ionospheric dynamics: The ionosphere, where these interactions occur, is a dynamic region. While some electrons may escape back to space, others are continuously being produced through ionization processes2.
Electric fields and currents: The interaction between solar wind and Earth's magnetic field creates electric fields and currents in the ionosphere, which can influence the movement of charged particles2,3.
1. https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/ ... Atmosphere
2. https://www.nasa.gov/missions/icon/stro ... con-finds/
3. https://www.swsc-journal.org/articles/s ... 20043.html
4. https://mountwashington.org/the-science-of-auroras/
Electric currents in the ionosphere can indeed discharge to satellites and other objects in space. This phenomenon is part of a complex system of space weather effects that can impact technology both in orbit and on Earth's surface.
The interaction between solar wind and Earth's magnetic field creates electric fields and currents in the ionosphere, which can lead to several effects:
Satellite charging: Satellites can accumulate electrical charge from the ionospheric plasma, potentially leading to electrostatic discharges4. These discharges can cause phantom commands, damage to electronics, loss of control, and even satellite failure2.
Internal charging: Highly energetic electrons (>2 MeV) can penetrate satellite components, causing internal charging and possible electric discharges. This can result in malfunctions or complete failure of satellites2.
Magnetosphere-ionosphere "lightning": Large-scale energy transfers between the magnetosphere and ionosphere can occur, lasting for hours and transferring hundreds to thousands of times more energy than terrestrial lightning5. This process is enhanced during solar storms and can affect satellites and other space-based technologies.
GPS and communication disruptions: The ionospheric currents and associated plasma disturbances can interfere with radio signals passing through the ionosphere, potentially disrupting GPS navigation and satellite communications3.
Ground-based infrastructure impacts: Strong ionospheric currents can induce currents in long conductors on Earth's surface, such as power lines and pipelines, potentially causing power system outages or pipeline corrosion2.
These effects highlight the importance of understanding and predicting ionospheric dynamics to protect our technological infrastructure both in space and on the ground3,5.
1. https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/phenomena/ionosphere
2. https://www.spaceweather.gc.ca/tech/index-en.php
3. https://www.cnn.com/2024/08/02/science/ ... index.html
4. https://www.nasa.gov/missions/icon/stro ... con-finds/
5. https://www.nasa.gov/solar-system/revol ... -to-space/
I had thought that the ionosphere has a net positive charge, but Perplexity.AI says otherwise, though it does mention electric currents.
Here's a simple table showing the approximate densities for each layer of the ionosphere:
Layer -- Height (km) -- Negative Density (cm⁻³) -- Positive Density (cm⁻³) -- Neutral Density (cm⁻³)
D ------------- 48-90 --------------- 10² - 10⁴ ------------- 10² - 10⁴ ----------------- 10¹³ - 10¹⁵
E ------------- 90-150 -------------- 10⁵ ------------------- 10⁵ ----------------------- 10¹¹ - 10¹³
F1 ----------- 150-220 ------------- 10⁵ - 10⁶ ------------- 10⁵ - 10⁶ ----------------- 10⁹ - 10¹¹
F2 ----------- 220-500+ ------------ 10⁶ ------------------- 10⁶ ----------------------- 10⁷ - 10⁹
Note: These values are approximate and can vary significantly based on time of day, season, solar activity, and latitude. The negative density primarily refers to electrons, while the positive density refers to ions. The neutral density decreases with altitude, while ionization generally increases.
None of the ionospheric layers have a predominantly positive or negative charge. The ionosphere maintains quasi-neutrality throughout its layers, meaning the number of positively charged ions is approximately equal to the number of negatively charged electrons1. This balance of charges is a fundamental characteristic of ionospheric plasma.
1. https://link.springer.com/referencework ... 4520-4_194
The electrons (from the solar wind) that cause auroras do not reach the ground. Instead, they collide with atoms and molecules in Earth's upper atmosphere, typically at an altitude of about 60-200 miles (100-320 kilometers) above the Earth's surface1,3. When these high-energy electrons interact with oxygen and nitrogen atoms in the ionosphere, they transfer their energy, causing the atoms to become excited4. As these excited atoms return to their normal state, they emit photons, creating the colorful light displays we see as auroras4.
After the collisions, the electrons lose most of their energy. Some of the lower-energy secondary electrons that result from these collisions may:
_Continue to interact with other atmospheric particles, causing further excitation and light emission.
_Be scattered in various directions, including back up towards space1.
_Gradually lose more energy through subsequent collisions and eventually become part of the ionosphere.
The electrons do not penetrate further down into the lower atmosphere or reach the Earth's surface due to the increasing density of the atmosphere at lower altitudes, which effectively stops their downward motion3.
1. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2 ... 185043.htm
2. https://www.energy.gov/science/fes/arti ... fven-waves
3. https://phys.org/news/2018-02-scientist ... thern.html
4. https://www.space.com/aurora-origin-mys ... -electrons
The electrons from the solar wind that enter Earth's upper atmosphere do not directly push other electrons out of the atmosphere. Instead, the process is more complex and involves several mechanisms:
Trapping and redirection: Earth's magnetic field captures many of the incoming solar wind electrons, trapping them in the magnetosphere and redirecting them towards the polar regions1.
Energy transfer: When these high-energy electrons collide with atoms and molecules in the upper atmosphere (typically at altitudes of 100-320 km), they transfer their energy, causing excitation of atmospheric particles4.
Atmospheric interactions: After colliding with atmospheric particles, the electrons lose most of their energy. Some may:
Continue interacting with other atmospheric particles
Be scattered in various directions, including back towards space
Gradually lose more energy and become part of the ionosphere4
Ionospheric dynamics: The ionosphere, where these interactions occur, is a dynamic region. While some electrons may escape back to space, others are continuously being produced through ionization processes2.
Electric fields and currents: The interaction between solar wind and Earth's magnetic field creates electric fields and currents in the ionosphere, which can influence the movement of charged particles2,3.
1. https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/ ... Atmosphere
2. https://www.nasa.gov/missions/icon/stro ... con-finds/
3. https://www.swsc-journal.org/articles/s ... 20043.html
4. https://mountwashington.org/the-science-of-auroras/
Electric currents in the ionosphere can indeed discharge to satellites and other objects in space. This phenomenon is part of a complex system of space weather effects that can impact technology both in orbit and on Earth's surface.
The interaction between solar wind and Earth's magnetic field creates electric fields and currents in the ionosphere, which can lead to several effects:
Satellite charging: Satellites can accumulate electrical charge from the ionospheric plasma, potentially leading to electrostatic discharges4. These discharges can cause phantom commands, damage to electronics, loss of control, and even satellite failure2.
Internal charging: Highly energetic electrons (>2 MeV) can penetrate satellite components, causing internal charging and possible electric discharges. This can result in malfunctions or complete failure of satellites2.
Magnetosphere-ionosphere "lightning": Large-scale energy transfers between the magnetosphere and ionosphere can occur, lasting for hours and transferring hundreds to thousands of times more energy than terrestrial lightning5. This process is enhanced during solar storms and can affect satellites and other space-based technologies.
GPS and communication disruptions: The ionospheric currents and associated plasma disturbances can interfere with radio signals passing through the ionosphere, potentially disrupting GPS navigation and satellite communications3.
Ground-based infrastructure impacts: Strong ionospheric currents can induce currents in long conductors on Earth's surface, such as power lines and pipelines, potentially causing power system outages or pipeline corrosion2.
These effects highlight the importance of understanding and predicting ionospheric dynamics to protect our technological infrastructure both in space and on the ground3,5.
1. https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/phenomena/ionosphere
2. https://www.spaceweather.gc.ca/tech/index-en.php
3. https://www.cnn.com/2024/08/02/science/ ... index.html
4. https://www.nasa.gov/missions/icon/stro ... con-finds/
5. https://www.nasa.gov/solar-system/revol ... -to-space/
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