https://www.scientificamerican.com/arti ... cosmology/
Perhaps the only falsifiable concept about the LCDM model anymore is the concept of galaxy evolution over time. It's one of the few places where "fudging the numbers" with the LCDM model becomes much more complicated than simply sprinkling in some additional amounts of magical forms of matter or energy.
From the first article:
A "disk" shaped galaxy has to rotate a number of times before the disk itself forms in the LCMD model. Our galaxy is thought to rotate once every 200 million years. "Mature" galaxies like disk galaxies would need to rotate a number of times in order to form a disk shape.Some early galaxies are surprisingly complex
Webb’s distant galaxies are also turning out to have more structure than astronomers had expected.
One study of Webb’s first deep-field image found a surprisingly large number of distant galaxies that are shaped like disks. Using Hubble, astronomers had concluded that distant galaxies are more irregularly shaped than nearby ones, which, like the Milky Way, often display regular forms such as disks. The theory was that early galaxies were more often distorted by interactions with neighbouring galaxies. But the Webb observations suggest there are up to ten times as many distant disk-shaped galaxies as previously thought.
With the resolution of James Webb, we are able to see that galaxies have disks way earlier than we thought they did,” says Allison Kirkpatrick, an astronomer at the University of Kansas in Lawrence. That’s a problem, she says, because it contradicts earlier theories of galaxy evolution. “We’re going to have to figure that out.”"
https://www.inverse.com/science/wolfe-galactic-disk
The discovery of many "mature" disk shaped galaxies so early in the universe *significantly* deviates from standard galaxy formation models. Keep in mind the LCMD model is off by at least an order of magnitude in terms of the number of disk shaped galaxies expected to exist at these long distances. But wait, there's more....Most galaxy formation models have shown that it would take approximately 6 billion years after the Big Bang for a galaxy disk to form.
First article again:
So not only are early galaxies more "mature" than expected, and forming into disk shapes much earlier than galaxy formation models predict, the "size" of the distant galaxies seen in Webb images also defies their LCDM model. The LCDM model presumes that just after the "bang", just hydrogen atoms existed in space, then atoms started "clumping" together to form the first suns, and over time small galaxies formed, which collided with other small galaxies to produce larger ones. The mainstream timeline to form "massive" galaxies is much greater than what we're seeing in Webb images. But wait, there's even more trouble in LCMD paradise...Another preprint manuscript suggests that massive galaxies formed earlier in the Universe than previously known. A team led by Ivo Labbé at the Swinburne University of Technology in Melbourne, Australia, reports finding seven massive galaxies in the CEERS field, with redshifts between 7 and 1010. “We infer that the central regions of at least some massive galaxies were already largely in place 500 million years after the Big Bang, and that massive galaxy formation began extremely early in the history of the Universe,” the scientists write.
The mainstream solar models also require time in order to form heavier elements, and their solar composition models are rather "stringent" in terms of composition and how early they expect significant amounts of heavier atoms to form in any real quantities. There's a bit of fudge factor here since they can make early suns "larger" which would burn out faster and produce heavier elements faster, but they have to fit all these things into their computer models, and such changes are simply "ad hoc" changes in the final analysis. They don't follow from their actual model.And studies of galactic chemistry also show a rich and complicated picture emerging from the Webb data. One analysis of the first deep-field image examined the light emitted by galaxies at a redshift of 5 or greater. (Spectral lines that appear at various wavelengths of light correlate with the chemical elements composing the galaxies.) It found a surprising richness of elements such as oxygen11. Astronomers had thought that the process of chemical enrichment — in which stars fuse hydrogen and helium to form heavier elements — took a while, but the finding that it is under way in early galaxies “will make us rethink the speed at which star formation occurs”, Kirkpatrick says.
So, already we're finding significant tension between LCDM galaxy and solar evolution models and what we actually observe in space in Webb images.
It's going to be a bumpy ride for LCDM proponents over the next decade. Not much about their galaxy evolution concepts seem to hold any water.
