Sunward Electrons

[Brigit]

The first situational evidence for a local filament capable of sustaining the double layer and the sun is the self-organized structures seen in cosmic plasmas.

• Figure 22. Star birth filaments
  https://www.holoscience.com/wp/wp-conte ... aments.jpg
  “An incredible network of filamentary structures” seen in a cloud of cold gas in the constellation of the Southern Cross. The ESA report dated 2 October 2009. “That a dark, cool area such as this would be bustling with activity, was unexpected. But the images reveal a surprising amount of turmoil: the interstellar material is condensing into continuous and interconnected filaments glowing from the light emitted by new-born stars at various stages of development.”

• Figure 23. Star forming filaments
  https://www.holoscience.com/wp/wp-conte ... aments.jpg
  This diagram shows a network of 27 star forming filaments derived from Herschel observations of the IC 5146 molecular cloud. Credit: Adapted from Characterizing interstellar filaments with Herschel in IC 5146, D. Arzoumanian et al., A&A 529, L6 (2011).

Now one may still describe the formation of stars as gravitationally accumulated dust, or one may say that these filaments in space which maintain their width over vast distances are electrical in nature, and stars are compressed along them by an electric pinch effect. Either way, we find stars formed along filaments, and the EU postulates that the sun is situated along a Birkeland current filament of its own.

I do not need to demonstrate one means of formation or the other. The fact that the sun's plasma density and energy is different from the density and energy of the plasma in the interstellar medium has been measured by the two Voyager spacecrafts which have passed the heliosheath.

• Figure 24. The physical sizes and characteristics of plasmas in the universe
  https://i.ibb.co/q1dC1Ck/The-physical-s ... Peratt.jpg
  "The remarkable range of temps and densities of plasmas is illustrated by this chart. In comparison, solids, liquids and gases exist over a very small range of temperatures and pressures. In 'solid' metals, the electrons that carry current exist as a plasma within the more rigid crystal structure" Anthony Peratt, Physics of the Plasma Universe, 2015

If it was formed in an intense Bennett pinch along an electric filament, then it is very likely that the Sun was born with a charge that the interstellar medium immediately separated itself from.

• Figure 24. Bennett Pinch Effect
  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ ... hanism.png

Again, no discussion of origins is really necessary to show the placement of the double layer celestial object surrounding the sun, since the observed separation of plasma characteristics has been measured in situ.

[Brigit]

More on the pinch effect for you.

• Figure 25. Encyclopedia Britannica 1988 in beautiful black binding
  https://cdn2.mhpbooks.com/2012/03/britannica.jpg
  pinch effect, "self-constriction of a cylinder of current-carrying plasma (q.v.). When an electric current is passed through a gaseous plasma, a magnetic field is set up that tends to force the current-carrying particles together. This force can compress the plasma so that it is heated as well as confined, but such a self-pinched plasma cylinder is unstable and will quickly develop kinks or break up into a series of lumps resembling a series of sausages. The pinch effect, therefore, must be augmented with other magnetic-field configurations to produce a stable magnetic bottle." Brit1988

[Brigit]

The next situational evidence for a heliosheath double layer surrounding the sun is the already ubiquitous formation of double layers in cosmic plasmas. These are observed to be maintained for long periods of time.

• Figure 26. Double layer | plasma-universe.com
  https://www.everythingselectric.com/wp- ... 50x504.jpg
  "A double layer is a structure in a plasma and consists of two parallel layers with opposite electrical charge. The sheets of charge cause a strong electric field and a correspondingly sharp change in voltage (electrical potential) across the double layer. Ions and electrons which enter the double layer are accelerated, decelerated, or reflected by the electric field. In general, double layers (which may be curved rather than flat) separate regions of plasma with quite different characteristics. Double layers are found in a wide variety of plasmas, from discharge tubes to space plasmas to the Birkeland currents supplying the Earth’s aurora, and are especially common in current-carrying plasmas. Compared to the sizes of the plasmas which contain them, double layers are very thin (typically ten Debye lengths), with widths ranging from a few millimeters for laboratory plasmas to thousands of kilometres for astrophysical plasmas.
  
  Other names for a double layer are: electrostatic double layer, electric double layer, plasma double layers, electrostatic shock (a type of double layer which is oriented at an oblique angle to the magnetic field in such a way that the perpendicular electric field is much larger than the parallel electric field), space charge layer, and “potential ramp”. In laser physics, a double layer is sometimes called an ambipolar electric field. Double layers are conceptually related to the concept of a ‘sheath’.
  
  The adopted electrical symbol for a double layer, when represented in an electrical circuit is: ────DL──── If there is a net current present, then the DL is oriented so that the base of the L is in line with direction of current."

More on DLs from everything's electric:
https://www.everythingselectric.com/dou ... rs-plasma/

• • Double layers separate plasma into cells that can have different temperatures or densities
    
    Double layers can accelerate charged particles up to enormous energies in a variety of frequencies
    
    High current discharges cause the sheathes to glow while creating other sheaths within
    
    Double layers might cutoff the current flow in a galactic circuit causing a catastrophic rise in voltage
    
    In plasma sheaths (double layers) the electric field on either side of the thin double layer is very weak and the plasma there is ‘quasi neutral’
    
    Compared to the sizes of the plasmas which contain them, double layers are very thin
    
    The voltage drop across the Sun’s plasma sheath would almost equal the full driving potential of the Sun, measured in tens of billions of volts
    
    There is no simple discharge of electricity as one would expect from most regions of high voltage break-down
    
    If the charge density becomes excessive, they explode, drawing electricity from an entire circuit, discharging more energy than was contained in the double layer

[Brigit]

We also discussed a couple of the commercial applications for double layers in Figs. 10, 11 & 12 on page 2.

[Brigit]

We know that plasmas of different characteristics can separate themselves in this way. But in the case of the sun's heliosheath, did they?

[Brigit]

Here is a beautifully written prediction of the plasma densities and boundaries at the heliosheath by Anthony Peratt:

Challenges to common sense

"Plasma is a different kind of animal. It doesn't behave as we expect it to and is found in unexpected places. Although plasmas exist in a wide range of conditions, all are composed of a percentage (often small) of charged particles—usually electrons and protons—mixed with neutral atoms or molecules.

This rich "soup" readily conducts electrical currents, especially in filaments that spiral along invisible magnetic-field lines. Their spiraling movement pinches single filaments tighter or draws neighboring filaments into a swirling, high-energy dance that often produces abundant electromagnetic radiation.

A notable characteristic of space plasma, revealed by satellites and space probes, is the tendency to form sharp boundaries between plasma with different properties. The resultant "cellular structure" can have profound astrophysical implications, such as generating electric fields in space and providing sources of energy for driving electric currents over very large distances.

A phenomenon called critical ionization velocity, first proposed by Nobel laureate Hannes Alfvén in his cosmogony theory, has been observed in both laboratory and space plasma. It implies, among other things, an exchange of momentum between ionized and neutral gases in the presence of magnetic fields. Yet another distinctive behavior discovered first in the near-Earth plasma is mechanisms that allow very efficient separation of different chemical elements or molecules.

Many of plasma's unique properties derive from the behavior of electrons. We easily forget that electrons are so unbelievably tiny that they respond to the faintest of magnetic and electrical fields. Being nearly 2,000 times lighter than protons, electrons are far more responsive to acceleration by electric fields. They travel much faster and even bunch together in interacting with the heavier, slower protons and other atomic nuclei that may be present in plasma. Electrons accelerated to high speeds yield the abundant radiation characteristic of plasmas in the laboratory and space.

While space probes have yet to penetrate beyond the plasma sheath of the solar system, the heliosphere, considerable evidence points to the heliosphere's existence as a teardrop-shaped plasma body similar to Earth's magnetosphere. What lies beyond the heliosphere? Is the space there really empty, or will we find more plasma there? The plasma model asserts that we certainly will find plasma in the interstellar space, and even in the greater intergalactic space.

Such a view is contrary to the mainstream cosmological model, which holds that plasma should not be a pervasive presence in interstellar and intergalactic space—or even in interplanetary space. But plasmas are perversely different from what we expect. Let them be dispersed as they are in space, and our concepts of recombination temperatures, at which electrons and atomic nuclei or ions combine into neutral atoms, don't apply. Let the electrons be accelerated to extremely high speeds, as they are in the solar wind, and recombination concepts don't apply. Regardless of concepts and calculations, plasmas tend to persist in space. Furthermore, they still respond strongly to electromagnetic fields, even when their ionized fraction is much less than 1 percent."

[Brigit]

And a remark on questions of detecting the Langmuir sheath in astrophysical plasmas by Hannes Alfven:

"Space in general has a 'cellular structure,' although this is almost impossible to observe unless a spacecraft penetrates the ‘cell walls’ (current sheets). This means that in distant regions, we cannot hope to detect the cell walls directly. Nor can we tell the size of the cells. It is unpleasant to base far-reaching conclusions on the existence of a structure which we cannot detect directly. But the alternative is to draw far-reaching conclusions from the assumption that in distant regions, the plasmas have properties which are drastically different from what they are in our own neighborhood.

This is obviously far more unpleasant than our inability to detect distant 'cell walls.' Hence, through revision of our concept of the properties of interstellar (and intergalactic space) is an unenviable consequence of recent magnetospheric discoveries."


(Alfvén, H., Cosmic Plasma, Chapter II, Electric Currents in Space Plasmas)

ref: Cellular Plasmas
https://www.thunderbolts.info/wp/2015/0 ... plasmas-2/
Cellular plasmas are made visible in many nebulae: "As Professor Donald Scott makes clear in his book, The Electric Sky, a planetary nebula results from electrical overload in a star – a normal star flaring up from abnormal electrical stress. The observed filamentary, cellular and toroidal structures are characteristic of plasma behavior."
by Stephen Smith

[Brigit]

Thank you all so much. I can close some of my tabs now! (: (:
I am at my posting limit for today according to thunderbolts guidelines.

[jacmac]

These are excellent quotes Brigit.
Alfven

Space in general has a 'CELLULAR STRUCTURE,' although this is almost impossible to observe unless a spacecraft penetrates the ‘CELL WALLS’ (CURRENT SHEETS)

Hannes Alfvén, described a double layer as, “… a plasma formation by which a plasma — in the physical meaning of this word — protects itself from the environment. It is ANALOGOUS TO A CELL WALL by which a plasma—in the biological meaning of this word—protects itself from the environment.”
Cosmic Ions | thunderbolts TPOD

Anthony Peratt

A notable characteristic of space plasma, revealed by satellites and space probes, is the tendency to form sharp boundaries between plasma with different properties. The resultant " CELLULAR STRUCTURE" can have profound astrophysical implications, such as generating electric fields in space and providing sources of energy for driving electric currents over very large distances.

The CAPS above are mine.



Alfven says a double layer is analogous to a cell wall...
And Peratt says .... sharp boundaries....resultant cellular structure ....can have profound astrophysical implications.
That brings me to:
Rupert Sheldrake, "Is the sun conscious," EU conference 2018.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E56cSMzFcW8

[Solar]

We know that plasmas of different characteristics can separate themselves in this way. But in the case of the sun's heliosheath, did they?

Yes; they do. I'm reminded of that Indiana Jones movie where his cohort said "They're digging in the wrong place". Dynamics at Earth and its magnetospheric interactions with the solar wind may provide clues to dynamics of the Sun and heliosphere relative to its interactions with the VLISM external environment. The basic principle is the same ie a charged celestial body moving through a charged environment that is itself in motion. Researches and probes have observed a feature that has been dubbed "Energetic Particle Precipitation" (EPP):

Electron Precipitation (apply dynamic to nose of heliosphere)

The way it works is: Geomagnetic Storms 'inject' energetic solar wind particles into Earth's magnetosphere, particularly into the Van Allen Radiation Belts. Simultaneously said storm decreases the extent of Earth's Plasmasphere and "shrinks" what is referred to as the "Slot Region". Previous to such a storm the energetic particles in the "Slot Region" were sparse. After such a storm the "Slot Region" becomes populated with higher energy solar wind electrons and protons. See:

Cause of Unusual Van Allen Belt Distortions

Full Size Image

This is analogous to 'charging a capacitor' which requires something to behave as though it were a dielectric. Below the "Slot Region" is the Global Atmospheric Electric Circuit where Nitrogen 78%, Oxygen 21% argon etc behaves like a second dielectric maintaining a vertical electric field ranging from 250-500 kV (depending on source) and vertical currents called Wilson Currents after CTR Wilson. Presented is a situation where one has two regions behaving as a dielectric separated by very thin current sheets ("sheath/boundary/interface etc") known as the Ionospheric Wave Guide. These two regions are at different electric potential because they have different particles and particle densities.

Discharges between these two regions takes the form of the fair weather cycle and thunderstorms (Cyclonic and Anticyclonic). The electromagnetic pulse that initiates lightning, and the lightning bolt itself, induce ELF-VLF "Resonant Waves". Those resonant waves propagate into Earth's plasmasphere and excites those high energy solar wind electrons and protons. Those energetic particles were formerly held at bay, they were "trapped" bouncing, spiraling, gyrating back and forth along Earth's magnetic field lines. However lightning induced resonant waves stimulate the particles and cause them to be accelerated. Once accelerated they become "lost" into what is termed a "Loss Cone" ie a 'spray'.

That conical 'spray' of energetic particles interacts with Earth's Ionosphere and GEC thereby 'charging' the GEC up all over again. Some of those energetic particle precipitate into the poles along magnetic field lines and induce a certain quality of aurora. By this method Lightning is said to "clear" the "Slot Region" of energetic particles. The plasmasphere quickly returns to normal and the cycle repeats. This is how the "modulation" of all of that energy is handled. No one knows the critical values necessary to induce this analogous 'dielectric barrier discharging' (which is an actual thing). See:

Ground Observations of Lightning-Induced Electron Precipitation Fig 1

Some of those electrons and protons entering the poles are secondarily coming from Earth's proverbial back yard having been injected and "stored" into the Van Allen Belts and Slot Region. The question is:

Might not CME's at the Sun serve as analogy of 'Solar Lightning' which propagates all the way out to the heliopause simultaneously populating the the solar system with a bevy of "Halo Electrons" until some critical value is reached relative to the external environment's 'injection' of some quantity of CR's? The heliosphere is sometimes said to "shrink" but this has not been mentioned as of late. IBEX revealed quite a lot of activity occurring at the nose of the heliosphere.It is interesting that the paper that accompanies (this image) is called:

"Prebreakup Arc Intensification due to Short Circuiting of Mesoscale Plasma Flows Over the Plasmapause" by E. Mishin & A. Streltsov (2020)

The nose of Earth's magnetosphere is 'arcing' by way of interacting with the solar wind? - and along with resonant waves this 'arcing' between different plasmas at the nose is accelerating formerly "trapped" energetic particle TOWARDS the Earth in a conical spray and simultaneously around the magnetosphere's 'outer layer' into the poles. This, in my humble opinion, is something to work with - because - NATURE does it.

Of course one can't forget:

ARTICLE: Magnetic Rope observed for the first time between Saturn and the Sun

These tubular" flux transfer events" (FTEs) aka filaments, or electric currents, have been observed at all the major planets. So, not all of the polar currents come from a distant source, some of them are secondarily circulated out of this kind of 'dielectric reservoir' of energetic particles. If this works then one can only speculate where *some* of the Sun's polar currents might 'connect'. Although I suspect it might be a larger star.

[Brigit]

by Solar » Tue Feb 02, 2021 1:05 pm
"Of course one can't forget:

ARTICLE: Magnetic Rope observed for the first time between Saturn and the Sun

These tubular" flux transfer events" (FTEs) aka filaments, or electric currents, have been observed at all the major planets. So, not all of the polar currents come from a distant source, some of them are secondarily circulated out of this kind of 'dielectric reservoir' of energetic particles. If this works then one can only speculate where *some* of the Sun's polar currents might 'connect'. Although I suspect it might be a larger star."

And I'm so glad you did speculate! That's a really exciting possibility. I am just swinging by, and don't have any nice images for you, but have you seen the "See the Pattern" presentation about taking a new look at earth's precession?

Gareth Samuel: Seeing Precession Differently | Space News
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mdLxP-w1LGg
dur 22:20

Here he discusses the relation of the movements of a string of stars -- Altair, Rasselhague, Procyon, Sirius, and our Sun -- relative to Arcturus. In other words, it visualizes the motion of our star's filament, and includes these other stars as part of the Birkeland current local to the Sun.

If these other stars are part of the same plasma filamentary structure, it does offer a possible test of the external power source of the anode sun. That is, if they are all located within this local filament, then it would be very interesting to compare their stellar cycles and flaring activity with our own solar cycles.

The sun does have moderating influences with its planetary family: it does not compare well with other types of main sequence stars of its own class, because those are known to give off more superflares than the Sun. But it would be so interesting if they had a 22-year cycle.

[jackokie]

WOW! Thank you for the link, Brigit. That video really adds to the plausibility of a plasma universe.

Regarding the planets' influence on the sun: Since the amount of charge influencing the sun appears to fluctuate, I don't think the more vigorous activity of other stars like our sun rules out planetary influence on other stars. Given that we really only have a static snapshot of the cosmos, perhaps 100 million years ago our sun would have appeared more vigorous than one or more of those other stars. The planets of our solar system seem to be in orbits much further out than those we've found orbiting other stars; perhaps it's the orbital distance, and the total charge in the filaments connecting our sun and the planets, that accounts for what we observe.

Regarding an externally powered sun: I think we're in a similar situation to that of William Harvey and the circulation of the blood. He felt there had to be a connection between arteries and veins, but it couldn't be proved until microscopes were available. I prefer the externally powered sun model because of its simplicity and elegance. We know electric currents cause plasma to glow, so why invent some other mechanism for the sun's plasma? As was mentioned a while back on this forum, virtually all of the measurements of charge from our space probes were taken on or close to the ecliptic. We really have no idea of what we would measure in the vast majority of space around the sun. I wonder if it would be possible to crowd source one or more probes, equipped with instruments targeted to EU/PC requirements, to explore that unexplored region. When SpaceX' Starship is available launch costs are going to be ridiculously cheap.

Since I'm just throwing ideas out here, let me toss out another one: It seems like every week there's some airy-fairy announcement from the consensus folks about something or another (axions, anyone?), and there is no competing response from EU/PC. I don't know how to get there, but when it's a major story, like Deep Impact, I would love to see a corresponding press release from EU/PC that explains the phenomena in EU/PC terms (as Shannon has done at Plasma.Pics). We (EU proponents) are still playing in the semi-pro leagues. No matter the justifications, the current way EU is presented is limiting the audience. I believe it would foster better communication of both by separating the hard science from the speculative anthropological and archeological evidence. The proposed press releases should just lay out the EU/PC explanation, without any reference to the standard model and it's benighted rescue squad. Sure the press releases are bound to be ignored at first, but I believe sooner or later someone will engage their brain and begin to seriously check out the EU model. Well, I can dream, can't I?

[Brigit]

by jackokie » Sun Feb 07, 2021 1:24 pm

"Regarding an externally powered sun: I think we're in a similar situation to that of William Harvey and the circulation of the blood. He felt there had to be a connection between arteries and veins, but it couldn't be proved until microscopes were available. I prefer the externally powered sun model because of its simplicity and elegance. We know electric currents cause plasma to glow, so why invent some other mechanism for the sun's plasma?"

That's a really interesting way to put it. That's good. Within the plasma universe we observe self-organizing plasma structures at all scales, and these involve filaments and cells, and lately, concentric shells, separated by double layers. It is not difficult to see that there are a lot of potential components of circuits in space plasmas. And while "the circuit may not always be obvious because the conductors are often invisible and may close the circuit at vast distances from the areas of interest," we do see the moving charges inviting us to discover the circulatory system.

Now if the heliosphere is a double layer plasma sheath, and the sun a simple anode, then the simplicity and elegance of the model has already provided an electric field between the two. This explains the electron drift (which I am trying to get to) towards the sun and the accelerating positive charges away from the sun -- which the thermonuclear sun has no answer for. Not only that, but within this same efield it is also evident that even a slightly negatively charged body*, like a comet, as it moves toward or away from the sun, may experience electric discharges, a glowing cell, and bursty electrical behavior.

*wrt solar wind

[Brigit]

I asked earlier if it should be called the sun's heliosheath, or if it should be called something else. Heliosheath is nice because it suggests a "sheath," but a spherical plasma sheath [is] still different from the boundary shown in NASA diagrams.

One advantage is that if we called it the sun's plasmapause, or the sun's magnetosphere, it suggests things we are all more used to. We understand these change shape and size with changing solar wind conditions, and that might be a helpful allusion. In fact I thought it might be necessary to discuss the different morphologies that have been suggested to describe the shape of the boundary between the sun's plasma and the plasma of the interstellar medium.

But actually at the moment I am pretty happy about what Solar has posted about the sun's poles. Every one here already is aware these are important to the sun's circuit, which, as developed by the Electric Universe and following the Hannes Alfven model, closes some great distance above the poles of the sun (see fig 18 pg 5, fig 21 pg 6). Now that was a complaint I had with the Bob Johnson video -- he suggested that the photosphere does not appear to be different at the poles, as might be required by the polar circuit (5 min mark). So it was nice to see Solar begin to unpack how the sun has very interesting polar plasma structures. We can consider Johnson's critique is refuted on that point by all of you.

But I would like to add that in some wavelengths, the sun's poles are often different from the rest of the disk.

• Figure 27. Sun wavelength chart
  https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/file ... k=8VykbHa2

At 171 and 193 angstroms, which are used to see coronal holes, the sun's poles are almost always darker, like a coronal hole. At least I know this to be the case for a few years in this solar cycle during minimum.

[Brigit]

And two more items which are supportive of the solar circuit in fig 18. The double layer at the poles in the diagram were correctly anticipated by Alfven to be a double radio source (See "Alfven Triumphs Again (and Again)"). And not only that but the violence of these polar double layers exploding would release more power than is in the star or dwarf itself.

And this is what has been reported. "Gamma-ray bursts release an insane amount of radiation, as much as the sun produces over 10 billion years, in anywhere from a few milliseconds to a few hundred seconds. Their origins remain a mystery."

Space com continues:
"Gamma-ray bursts are immense eruptions that pack a lot of power into a few seconds. Astronomers have spotted only a handful of them, despite the fact that they constantly light up the sky. The energy from the explosions produce two energetic beams at the stellar poles. If those beams don't point toward Earth — and scientists estimate only 1 in 100 do — they remain unseen to telescopes."