Anodes dont emit Ions. The sun emits heavy ions..

[upriver]

If the sun is an anode how does it emit Ions?
In any kind of sputtering or coating process the ions and electrons are emitted by the Cathodes thermo-ionic processes...

[Robertus Maximus]

The Sun is highly negatively charged. The Sun’s interstellar environment carries an even greater negative charge.
Thus, relative to its environment the Sun acts as an anode.

In the discharge powering the Sun not only does the Sun collect electrons from its environment but it emits an electron deficient current to its environment, these outward flowing ions and protons carry the discharge current between the Sun and ultimately the Galaxy. This current, incorrectly called the solar wind, flows through a reservoir of electrons in the heliosphere, the behaviour of these electrons is consistent with them being repelled by both the distant Galaxy and a highly negatively charged Sun.

Therefore, the discharge current consists of an electron deficient current from the Sun and an energetic electron current from the Sun’s interstellar environment- the relationship determines how the Sun appears to an outside observer.

[comingfrom]

The Sun has a way positive amount of charge.
That is why it is so hot.

The Sun draws in whatever is in the galactic current that surrounds it, which charges the Sun,
and it radiates photons and electrons and protons and atoms out in a solar wind.

Electrons have charge, not negative charge.
The Sun has charge (and a lot of it), not a negative amount of charge.
Having negative charge would be like having negative mass, or negative length.
It simply doesn't make sense.

Charge has direction.
Mainstream theory puts in little positive and negative symbols, in the field and on particles, in an attempt explain vectors.
But as we see here, they don't successfully explain what is observed.
They don't even come close to explaining what charge is, or how it works.

Not saying for argument sake, just stating the obvious.
I believe we have to get away from thinking in terms of positive and negative in electric theory.
And from thinking Stellar systems are like some man made cathode/anode system.
~Paul

[jacmac]

comingfrom:

The Sun draws in whatever is in the galactic current that surrounds it,

Yes, I think so also.
And:

Electrons have charge, not negative charge.
The Sun has charge (and a lot of it), not a negative amount of charge.

The term NEGATIVE when talking about the charge of an electron does not mean less than zero, but is used to describe the type of charge; that of an electron.
And:

I believe we have to get away from thinking in terms of positive and negative in electric theory.

I think the terms are useful to describe the type of charge.

And from thinking Stellar systems are like some man made cathode/anode system.

Again I agree.
Those terms have different meanings depending on current direction for example, and I think they imply the notion of a "circuit". Other forum threads have explored whether the sun is an ANODE or a CATHODE. I think it is a lot more complicated than a "circuit" with a cathode and an anode.
I believe the solar system is one thing, or event. It self organizes. It self regulates (the solar "wind" is the feedback loop). It is like a biological CELL with a nucleus and a cell membrane. It is a plasmoid, anchored in space by a massive solid core within. It is an electric fire. Not a fire caused by electricity, but a fire OF electric plasma.
Jack

[webolife]

Electrons have charge, not negative charge.
The Sun has charge (and a lot of it), not a negative amount of charge.
Having negative charge would be like having negative mass, or negative length.
It simply doesn't make sense.
Charge has direction.

"Negatively charged electron" is of course the vestigial convention of Ben Franklin's pioneering work when he had no way to even begin to know electricity's "direction". He had a 50-50 chance and picked the wrong one. To the credit of scientific validation, his original system remains in the lingo of physics. However, I totally agree that this makes some of our communication about electrical behavior counter-intuitive and probably misleading. I like the way circuit technicians describe the "reverse" flow of ["positively" charged] holes in hardwiring. It gets more toward the charge value issue you are addressing, I think. Meanwhile I would like to see a lot more data about the charged solar environment. The electric sun hypothesis depends on this validation, and I'm not sure it has it yet. RM, do you have hard evidence of your claim, or are you just promoting the EU party line? No attitude intended, it's a genuine request.

[jacmac]

Read the work of C.E.R.Bruce:
https://www.plasma-universe.com/Charles_Bruce
He has an extensive body of work, much of it available on the internet.
Jack

[comingfrom]

Thank you, Jacmac.

The term NEGATIVE when talking about the charge of an electron does not mean less than zero, but is used to describe the type of charge; that of an electron.

I think the terms are useful to describe the type of charge.

I know negative does not mean less the zero, and that's one more reason the term is misleading.
There is only one type of charge.

Your electrons and protons are in the same charge field.

~
Webolife

I like the way circuit technicians describe the "reverse" flow of ["positively" charged] holes in hardwiring. It gets more toward the charge value issue you are addressing, I think.

A hole is a nothing, and they are assigning an unexplained charge to that nothing.

Where as, what is really happening is the atoms in the wire are channeling the charge,
giving the charge linear motions and spins.

~Paul

[Solar]

The production of "Anode Rays", Positive Ray, and/or "Canal Rays" apparently occurs in the "gas" itself some distance away from the Anode and Cathodes surfaces.

The Goldstein Tube

Canal Ray Tube

The Goldstein Canal Ray tube

If applicable: Perhaps an observer on Earth and/or space probes detecting ions from the direction of the Sun would only ASSUME that they are being "emitted" directly from the Sun as opposed to being the result of a runaway process in the space between.

[webolife]

Comingfrom,
Yes, I agree with you, and was using "holes" to illustrate the charge flow pattern of an "on" wire. While the direction of amperage may be seen to be toward ground [the actual charge "vector"], another pattern of charge scarcity is observed in the opposite direction, from ground to power source. The electricians see it as "positive" because it is opposite to their "negative" electronic designation ala Franklin. Feel free to correct me if I'm wrong.

[comingfrom]

Thanks you, Solar.

If applicable: Perhaps an observer on Earth and/or space probes detecting ions from the direction of the Sun would only ASSUME that they are being "emitted" directly from the Sun as opposed to being the result of a runaway process in the space between.

This fits.

It is likely some electrons and protons are emitted by the Sun, but most of the Solar wind is movement of the ions and atoms in the interplanetary medium being motivated by the charge photons emitted by the Sun.

~
Thank you, Webolife.

Yes, I agree with you, and was using "holes" to illustrate the charge flow pattern of an "on" wire. While the direction of amperage may be seen to be toward ground [the actual charge "vector"], another pattern of charge scarcity is observed in the opposite direction, from ground to power source. The electricians see it as "positive" because it is opposite to their "negative" electronic designation ala Franklin. Feel free to correct me if I'm wrong.

I agree.

But it isn't the physical explanation of what is happening.
The equations and positive/negative explanations give us an outcome that fits close to what we see happens in some cases, but it very obviously isn't what is happening.
Fields and atomic particles don't have plus and minus symbols inscribed on them.

And plenty of observations aren't explained.
The Sun's electric field accelerates positive and negative and neutral particles in the same direction, to name one example.

I see it is a lot like magnetic reconnection.
First we drew lines on diagrams to designate field strengths, then the lines because the cause of phenomena, even the cause of all space weather.

Franklin was the first to draw plus and minus symbols to try and convey force vectors, then the pluses and minuses became the forces. Now ions move because they are a minus or plus in a plus/minus field.

There has to be an underlying field driving the E/M field, and we do know it.
Because we call it charge.
And we have photonic particles to mediate that charge.

~Paul

[Solar]

If applicable: Perhaps an observer on Earth and/or space probes detecting ions from the direction of the Sun would only ASSUME that they are being "emitted" directly from the Sun as opposed to being the result of a runaway process in the space between.

This fits.

It is likely some electrons and protons are emitted by the Sun, but most of the Solar wind is movement of the ions and atoms in the interplanetary medium being motivated by the charge photons emitted by the Sun.

~Paul

Of interest to this thread: When coupled with The Goldstein variation of the Plasma Discharge Tube, what a brilliant piece of kit the following related Plasma Focus Device experiment is (imaging ion emission "sputtered" onto a detector placed just above the "anode surface").

Breakthrough in 4π ion emission mechanism understanding in plasma focus devices - Mehdi Sohrabi, Arefe Zarinshad & Morteza Habibi

The free .pdf is available in the upper right-hand corner of the web page.

[seasmith]

https://www.nature.com/articles/srep38843/figures/6

The ion emission patterns on the overhead circular detectors are reminiscent of solar coronal holes. It might have been interesting to see the distributions had they placed a semi-hemispherical 'dome' detector above the "anode cathodes array",
to catch those burst emissions from the "acceleration of the plasma sheaths".

https://www.nature.com/articles/srep38843#f4

[jacmac]

comingfrom:

And plenty of observations aren't explained.
The Sun's electric field accelerates positive and negative and neutral particles in the same direction, to name one example.

Birkeland currents can take a tubular shape. The mainstream calls them flux ropes. I have seen a paper describing the "solar wind" near the earth as similar to a plate of spaghetti(sorry I don't remember the link). Thus an electric field could move the exterior of a tubular double layer away from the sun, which in turn would pull along the opposite charged inner part of the tubular double layer. The result being positive, negative and neutral particles all moving away from the sun.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkeland_current

Professor Emeritus of the Alfvén Laboratory in Sweden, Carl-Gunne Fälthammar wrote:[6] "A reason why Birkeland currents are particularly interesting is that, in the plasma forced to carry them, they cause a number of plasma physical processes to occur (waves, instabilities, fine structure formation). These in turn lead to consequences such as acceleration of charged particles, both positive and negative, and element separation (such as preferential ejection of oxygen ions). Both of these classes of phenomena should have a general astrophysical interest far beyond that of understanding the space environment of our own Earth."

Solar:

The production of "Anode Rays", Positive Ray, and/or "Canal Rays" apparently occurs in the "gas" itself some distance away from the Anode and Cathodes surfaces.

The Goldstein Tube

Canal Ray Tube

The Goldstein Canal Ray tube

If applicable: Perhaps an observer on Earth and/or space probes detecting ions from the direction of the Sun would only ASSUME that they are being "emitted" directly from the Sun as opposed to being the result of a runaway process in the space between.

The sun and it's environment are in open space, not a closed plasma tube. I think there can be similarities, but one should be cautious about ascribing to the sun events in closed plasma circuits.
Jack.

[Solar]

The sun and it's environment are in open space, not a closed plasma tube. I think there can be similarities, but one should be cautious about ascribing to the sun events in closed plasma circuits.
Jack.

Agreed. Caution was alluded to when the post says "If applicable..."

The Sun has been assessed as being located in a filament:

In this case,the LIC cloud column density towards the star Sirius led to the conclusion that the Sun has entered the LIC cloud within the last 2,000-8,000 years, and that the Sun is about ~0.1 pc from the surface in the downwind direction (Frisch, 1994) When the upper limits of the Ca II column density towards Aql (Vallergra et al., 1993) and the LIC Fe II column density towards Cen (Lallement et al., 1995) are included, then we are forced to conclude that the Sun is located in a filament of difuse interstellar gas with a total thickness <0.7 pc. This filament is illustrated in Figure 4.- LISM STRUCTURE-FRAGMENTED SUPERBUBBLE SHELL?

Astrophysics can generally detect some of the rather large self-organized "clouds" of plasma in the local solar environment. Said "clouds" are dynamic, they are in motion moving slowly drifting, sliding, bumping, rubbing against one another at their interfaces. It can also discern interstellar matter from other active stellar regions such as the Sco-Cen complex that "drifts" into the Sun's environment in the form of "shocks":

The Origin of Radio Scintillation In the Local Interstellar Medium

These "clouds"/filaments have also been detected via Pulsar scintillation:

Abstract

Both forward and reverse Scintillation Arcs are seen in observations of several pulsars. We study the arcs, which are seen in the 2‐D Fourier transform of the dynamic spectrum, from PSRs B0834+06 B0834+06 and B1737+13.
In both cases we conclude that the underlying scattered image is highly extended along an axis and also highly modulated along that axis. The corresponding spatial structure in the ionized interstellar medium must be bundles of spaghetti‐like filaments—highly anisotropic turbulence (on scales of 1000–10000 km) which is also very intermittent on scales of an AU. We speculate on their possible origin as remnant turbulence from long past supernovae. - Pulsar Scintillation Arcs reveal filaments in the Interstellar Plasma

For any given star ensconced within the tube-like "arm" of a galaxy, spiral or other wise, what does "open space" mean?

[jacmac]

solar:

For any given star ensconced within the tube-like "arm" of a galaxy, spiral or other wise, what does "open space" mean?

A glass tube of plasma with a voltage difference at the ends is a closed environment.
It is a man made circuit.
The sun is ensconced within IT'S heliosphere; which in turn is ensconced within the tube-like "arm" of a galaxy.
By "open" I only mean not confined in a glass tube.
The solar system is a naturally SELF MADE thing.
IMO, the "circuit" of the solar system is:
SPHERICAL
With
A very large BODY in the center, the GROUND. (below the photosphere)
Surrounded at great distance by the HELIOSPHERE, the solar system "bubble" within the galactic electric plasma; the power source of the sun.
Now think of the entire solar system FULL of plasma with the same density as the galactic arm plasma.
ONLY, the plasma is collected in toward the center, concentrated toward the ground,(Dr. Scott's drift current) and the result is the plasmoid we call the sun.

Jack