Z Pinch Examined in Detail

[QAfReb5wr3zafawu]

Donald Scott has described the Z pinch at the Sun in detail at EU2015 -Cosmic Power Lines.
His explanations have raised many questions in my mind. I am not a skeptic - I am seeking a detailed and comprehensive understanding of the current flows both in an out of the Z pinch, as discussed in his presentations.
Here are some of the questions raised:
* Do we know what cause(s) initiate the Z pinch ? What attributes within the Birkland Current contribute to the creation of the Z pinch. What external conditions affect the Birkland Current to pinch at that particular location.
* Do the concentric cylinders of current (both electron and ionic flows) remain separate as the cylinders are compressed into ever smaller volumes ? Is there ever a merging of these current flows.
* When Donald Scott explained how he would extend the two sides of the compressing current into continuous lines that intersect each other and go around the opposite sides of the heliosphere; how does that affect the cylinders of current ? If you imagine concentric cylinders of alternating electron / ion currents flowing towards the Z pinch; I think the encircling of the heliosphere would mean the current would encounter a dead-end and cease to flow. How does the Birkland Current continue to flow in the same direction into, through and out of a Z pinch ?
* A Birkland Current is often described as a current flow; however, it is also described as a collection of currents flowing in opposite directions, made up of electrons in one cylinder and CAT ion in the adjacent cylinder, etc. Please describe any and all of the 'species' of Birkland Current, what conditions give rise to the current and how differing local substances/plasma determine the 'species' of the current.
* How does the diameter of the Z pinch determine the nature of the solar body formed at the center of the pinch. Must the Z pinch compress all or a minimum percentage of cylinders of current into the region of star formation ? If not, are the outer rings of the Birkland Current present within the heliosphere ?
* Must a Z pinch persist for the life of a star ? If not, can a star continue to shine from the energy gathered from only the inner sheaths of current, when and if a Z pinch returns to a fully expanded/relaxed current path.

I have many more questions regarding the actual current flows (both + and -) that I feel are important to understand along with the unique behavior of the magnetic fields associated with a Birkland Current. However, for now, I think these few are a good introduction to a comprehensive examination of the Z pinch phenomenon.
PS, please no abusive or derogatory remarks - these are genuine questions and deserve to be explained.

[D_Archer]

Donald Scott has described the Z pinch at the Sun in detail at EU2015 -Cosmic Power Lines.
His explanations have raised many questions in my mind. I am not a skeptic - I am seeking a detailed and comprehensive understanding of the current flows both in an out of the Z pinch, as discussed in his presentations.
Here are some of the questions raised:
* Do we know what cause(s) initiate the Z pinch ? What attributes within the Birkland Current contribute to the creation of the Z pinch. What external conditions affect the Birkland Current to pinch at that particular location

No, unfortunately not, our best guess is that it has to do with kink instabilities but how/where they arise and if it would produce a z-pinch...Donald hinted at the charge going both ways and the meetup must get to point where the magnetic field starts to constrict the birkeland cylinder... so has to do with charge traffic congestion? (im just speculating)

* Do the concentric cylinders of current (both electron and ionic flows) remain separate as the cylinders are compressed into ever smaller volumes ? Is there ever a merging of these current flows.

No, the cylinders would remain separate all they way up to and through the poles of the center object. The ions/electrons would follow the umbrella shapes, in/out and around of the central object.

* When Donald Scott explained how he would extend the two sides of the compressing current into continuous lines that intersect each other and go around the opposite sides of the heliosphere; how does that affect the cylinders of current ? If you imagine concentric cylinders of alternating electron / ion currents flowing towards the Z pinch; I think the encircling of the heliosphere would mean the current would encounter a dead-end and cease to flow. How does the Birkland Current continue to flow in the same direction into, through and out of a Z pinch ?

See previous question, there is through charge and charge following the umbrella shapes around the object. The main charge is in the middle current column. In 3D there could also be a twist or helical motion to the flows, you cant really see it Scotts diagrams but in reality it is there...

* A Birkland Current is often described as a current flow; however, it is also described as a collection of currents flowing in opposite directions, made up of electrons in one cylinder and CAT ion in the adjacent cylinder, etc. Please describe any and all of the 'species' of Birkland Current, what conditions give rise to the current and how differing local substances/plasma determine the 'species' of the current.

Not sure what you are asking... in general the Birkeland current filaments are of the same width throughout the galaxy, consist of the same particles and move through practically the same cosmic dust, it works as a general model, it is only 1 species (but is sizeable to any scale, from micro (water bridge) to macro (galactic sized))

* How does the diameter of the Z pinch determine the nature of the solar body formed at the center of the pinch. Must the Z pinch compress all or a minimum percentage of cylinders of current into the region of star formation ? If not, are the outer rings of the Birkland Current present within the heliosphere ?

Generally the filaments have the same width and produce objects of the same size. Cylinders of current is not what makes a star (they are not physical objects), the dust that is drawn in and is compressed by the pinch and made plasma, that is what makes a star, all current filaments are involved (and needed) in the magnetic pinch.

* Must a Z pinch persist for the life of a star ? If not, can a star continue to shine from the energy gathered from only the inner sheaths of current, when and if a Z pinch returns to a fully expanded/relaxed current path.

A Z-Pinch will subside in time (less power in), the star will shine on its own mostly, through electrochemical reactions on the surface, but the current filament will not disappear, galactic charge still enters the system... in EU yes there can be a reenergizing, but i am not sure, i think stars are mostly dissipative systems.

I have many more questions regarding the actual current flows (both + and -) that I feel are important to understand along with the unique behavior of the magnetic fields associated with a Birkland Current. However, for now, I think these few are a good introduction to a comprehensive examination of the Z pinch phenomenon.
PS, please no abusive or derogatory remarks - these are genuine questions and deserve to be explained.

To understand current flow we would have to have total knowledge of the actual fields involved, i think EU does see the ions and electrons (ie EM field) but misses the charge field (ie photons). So lots of work to be done here.

Birkeland currents do not have a 'unique' behavior of magnetic fields, B-fields behave as they must, a model just describes them. Scott only found out that the distance the B-Fields have influence is larger (than was commonly understood).

Regards,
Daniel

ps. i am just a philosopher, i tried to generally answer your questions; for pointers on Scotts model, user Celeste can help probably.

[QAfReb5wr3zafawu]

Thanks Daniel,
The third question was triggered by Don's specific explanation of continuing an outer line of the Birkland Current around the heliosphere, on both the North and South of the Z pinch. I interpreted his point as being the cause of the shape and volume of the attendant heliosphere. But, considering what you and I understand as the continuous flow of the current through the star; his point is lost on me.

Regarding species; as stars exist in varying sizes and temperatures, I was seeking a theory regarding the nature of the Birkland Current(s) that form the differing types. For example, a Birkland Current passing through a H II cloud would have a different configuration from one passing through a mixed cloud of gasses and dust. I presume that the SAFIRE project will examine differing gasses, etc for tell-tale evidence that can be compared to cosmic observations.
Essentially, I am talking about the types of Birkland Currents that are formed of either maximum current in electrons or maximum current in CAT ions and all the mixed ranges between these maximums. Also these configurations again but now with the addition of neutral atoms that make up common gasses and clouds in the Universe.

In fact, I believe the origin, nature and behavior of Birkland Currents in space constitutes a field of science in itself and needs to be understood, quite apart from the detailed complexities encountered at a Z pinch and double-layer.
Thanks again for your input to this fascinating new area of scientific exploration.
Greg.

[celeste]

* Do we know what cause(s) initiate the Z pinch ? What attributes within the Birkland Current contribute to the creation of the Z pinch. What external conditions affect the Birkland Current to pinch at that particular location.

Perhaps the answer lies here http://www.solstation.com/x-objects/lchimney.jpg and here https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flame_Neb ... C_2024.jpg
In the first case, we have the local chimney, which has that nice hourglass (pinch) shape. It appears to pinch as the current passes through the galactic plane.
In the case of the flame nebula, (which looks like this inside http://www.eso.org/public/archives/vide ... o0949l.jpg ) , as it says in the original wiki link,"Sparkling at the edge of a giant cloud of gas and dust, the Flame Nebula..."
In both cases, it looks like a current filament can be made to pinch as it passes through another surface.

[celeste]

* How does the diameter of the Z pinch determine the nature of the solar body formed at the center of the pinch. Must the Z pinch compress all or a minimum percentage of cylinders of current into the region of star formation ? If not, are the outer rings of the Birkland Current present within the heliosphere ?

It's an assumption that stars are at the center, but at least in the case here http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/300939/pdf you can see the star clearly off center. More significantly, they are puzzled here, because there is no evidence of the star ever having been ejected from center. This entire article would be a good read for you, if you've got the time. The general point I'd like to leave you with, is that there is no reason for us to explain how stars form at the center of a pinch, if it turns out they are not there in the first place.

[celeste]

* How does the diameter of the Z pinch determine the nature of the solar body formed at the center of the pinch. Must the Z pinch compress all or a minimum percentage of cylinders of current into the region of star formation ? If not, are the outer rings of the Birkland Current present within the heliosphere ?
* Must a Z pinch persist for the life of a star ? If not, can a star continue to shine from the energy gathered from only the inner sheaths of current, when and if a Z pinch returns to a fully expanded/relaxed current path.

If Donald Scott's model for the Titius-Bode law is right, it would mean the planets are out in "shells" of the large scale filament containing our solar system. If this is right, it means that the sun must then, as in your words , "continue to shine from the energy gathered from only the inner sheaths of current."

[jacmac]

In today's(May 27) Picture of the Day article "Solar Plasmoids"(dated May 25) Stephen Smith says"

It is confirmed that the movement of electric charges in plasma forms electromagnetic fields that constrict the current. As previous Picture of the Day articles point out, the constricted channel is known as a “Bennett pinch,” or “z-pinch.” The pinched electric filaments remain coherent over long distances, forming helical structures that can transmit power through space. That phenomenon is what scientists refer to as flux ropes.

He is using the PINCH term to indicate the ability of a Birkeland current to "remain coherent over long distances".

The above posts seem to be using the PINCH term to denote a particular part, or segment, of a Birkeland current that is seriously squeezed down to a much smaller diameter than its original coherent diameter. This usage is also what I have understood to be the meaning of PINCH.

If we here in EU world use the same term(s) for two similar but different meanings are we not inviting confusion or giving reason for criticism ?

Any thoughts on this,
Jack

[The Great Dog]

A Bennett pinch isn't a plasmoid, it can create plasmoids. The constricted channel is capable of ejecting concentrated electromagnetic entities from its current-carrying axis, sometimes along tangential paths. This happens because, as I read the articles from Thunderbolts, electricity flows into the constrictions, forming double layers that can explode. Perhaps at the large scale they remain coherent for billions of years and change from quasars into galaxies as Halton Arp suggested.

Pinches, plasmoids and double layers are parts of the same generalized phenomenon.

[jacmac]

Thanks Great Dog.
My post was not about the Plasmoids. I am focusing in on the detail of the use of the term PINCH.
Mr. Smith is describing the constriction of an electromagnetic field into what we call a Birkeland current, and what others call a flux rope. He calls that constriction a PINCH. Here is his paragraph

It is confirmed that the movement of electric charges in plasma forms electromagnetic fields that constrict the current. As previous Picture of the Day articles point out, the constricted channel is known as a “Bennett pinch,” or “z-pinch.” The pinched electric filaments remain coherent over long distances, forming helical structures that can transmit power through space. That phenomenon is what scientists refer to as flux ropes. They also create electromagnetic structures called “plasmoids”. The glowing blobs observed in Encke’s tail are plasmoids.

WE also use the same word PINCH to describe the much more extreme case of an existing Birkeland current that at one place collapses itself to form perhaps a star, plasmoid, double layer, etc

I am suggesting that these are two different types of events, in scale, intensity, and result, but we are using the same term for both.

An electromagnet field in plasma is "pinched" to form a Birkeland current. A Birkeland current is again "Pinched" to form something else. Both uses of the term are no doubt correct but I am asking if it is a good idea to use one term for two different outcomes ?

[celeste]

WE also use the same word PINCH to describe the much more extreme case of an existing Birkeland current that at one place collapses itself to form perhaps a star, plasmoid, double layer, etc

I am suggesting that these are two different types of events, in scale, intensity, and result, but we are using the same term for both.

jacmac, We have another issue here, in that we don't really know what ANY of those pinches are, or how they work. True, we create them in the lab,but all the mathematical models are wrong. To be clear, I'm saying not just our mainstream astronomer friends, but the plasma "experts" are just as far off base.
Let's look at just one example: The Z-pinch,as described here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinch_(plasma_physics)
"The current runs down the axis (or walls) of the cylinder while the magnetic field is azimuthal"
The trouble is, in a current filament, that is not how current flows in the first place. Nor is that how the magnetic field works.
A brief recap:
If a single charged particle flows along an electric field, we get an azimuthal field. The thinking was, fire more charged particles, and we get a stronger azimuthal field. What everyone ignored, was that the magnetic field of each traveling particle, became part of the field for the other charged particles. that is where Donald Scott jumped in with his model of a current filament. He showed that a filament should have a magnetic field which varies in direction with radius, as opposed to being azimuthal everywhere. Also, the current does not flow "down the axis (or walls) of the cylinder", but can spiral down the cylinder. What's more. we have growing observational evidence that Donald Scott's model is correct.

So, the question I'll put to you is this: If we have the model wrong for how charge flows in the original current filament, and we are also wrong about the magnetic field direction within that filament, then how can we possibly end up with a correct model for how that filament pinches?
In other words, if this assumption is wrong "The Z-pinch has a magnetic field in the θ direction and a current "J" flowing in the "z" direction.", then the rest of the math, no matter how elegant, simply does not apply.

[jacmac]

Thanks Celeste,
Reading more about the use of "pinch" i can let that go for now.
Jumping to your issue of how a pinch works, please help me with

If a single charged particle flows along an electric field, we get an azimuthal field.

This is where I get bogged down sometimes trying to visualise what you said.
An azimuth can be any angle, and a magnetic field often looks like a side view of an apple, so can u describe a bit more an azimuthal field please.
I am decent with three D visualizations but the terms can be daunting.
Regarding the off center star, it seems to not be the focus of all the nebula energy. As you say...???
The one sure thing about all this EU material is that it can be VERY complicated.
Jack

[D_Archer]

Regarding the off center star, it seems to not be the focus of all the nebula energy. As you say...???
The one sure thing about all this EU material is that it can be VERY complicated.
Jack

I do think Scotts model explains (or can explain) this off centre star, as the pinched current has the current column running straight down the middle, if it would be dead center, yes it would get pushed away a bit ( it cant occupy that center space due to charge strength), but it cant be pushed away very far before the next ring/cylinder because of magnetic constriction is too great... or something like that...

Regards,
Daniel

[celeste]

Thanks Celeste,
Reading more about the use of "pinch" i can let that go for now.
Jumping to your issue of how a pinch works, please help me with

If a single charged particle flows along an electric field, we get an azimuthal field.

This is where I get bogged down sometimes trying to visualise what you said.
An azimuth can be any angle, and a magnetic field often looks like a side view of an apple, so can u describe a bit more an azimuthal field please.
I am decent with three D visualizations but the terms can be daunting.

the B in this image is azimuthal https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=ht ... 0Q9QEIITAA

[Trickster]

The strength of the hollow suns z-pinch can be understood as the counter weight corrective that all of the planetary orbits exhibit given as 300 earth masses at 5 billion km from the sun. The easy calculation gives the counter weight at about 27% of the earths mass at Earth orbit [(5 billion/150 million)^2/300]. This solves the Sun/Moon problem of having over twice the Suns pull on Earth tides than the Moon because a hollow sun is actually only pulling 1/4 earth tides. Continuing that calculation gives us about 3.6 E15 kg at the suns surface. If we assume a 1 km z-pinch we get about 50 trillion newtons emanating from the sun. If a z-pinch current flow would work thru smaller structures, you could eventually come down to a walnut sized warp drive that you could hold in your hand.

[Z-axis]

This may sound silly to you but why not query Don Scott himself? Would he not be able to explain in greater detail and understanding then the rest of us. I have emailed him several times over the years and he has graciously responded to every query. To me, that is very impressive because it seems like he would be very busy; yet he replied. Give it a shot. You may be pleasantly surprised.

Regards Everyone

Z-axis