Space-Vortex Structures

[junglelord]

http://www.scribd.com/doc/34317/Spintro ... rd-Johnson

The original paper by Howard Johnson the father of Spintronics

[junglelord]

Paramahamsa Tewari has made a breakthrough in a method of electrical power generation. He has been granted an Indian Patent (Application number 397/Bom/94) for an increased efficiency homopolar generator. This device is described by the theoretical papers in this web site as a Space Power Generator (SPG).

http://www.tewari.org/

The Space Power Generator is proven technology that produces 200-300 percent over-unity energy.


Experiments conducted during the last 10 years have indicated that his Space Power Generator (SPG) is operating at over-unity efficiency. Many researchers have performed experiments with these devices, also called homopolar generators or unipolar dynamos. The devices usually consist of a rotating magnetic disk called a Faraday homopolar generator in which electrical current is passed from the center of the disk to its edge.

SPG Theory of Operation

In conventional electrical generators, electromotive force [EMF - also know as volts] is induced with rotation of an electrical conductor relative to a magnetic field or vice versa. The rotation is produced by what is know as the prime mover, or in this case, a drive motor. In a SPG, the conductors rotate along with the electromagnet producing the magnetic field, there is no relative motion between the electrical conductor and the magnetic field. The result however is the same, and an EMF is induced in the conductors.

Also, in conventional generators, conductors are generally laid in open slots in what is called the armature (the central rotor of the generator) across which, it is believed , that the magnetic field sweeps through, and "cuts" the conductors . Unlike this system, in a SPG, armature conductors pass through closed slots [holes] provided in the rotating magnetic core. With this configuration , it becomes possible to lay two conductors in the same slot with opposite load currents flowing in them, thereby nullifying partly the magnetic field produced due to the load current.

As per the Lenz's law , the magnetic field produced due to the load current interacts with the main magnetic field, that induces the EMF. The load current produces torque in opposition to the main magnetic field.

Thus, if the magnetic field produced due to the load current within the slots is partly nullified as stated above, the armature reaction is also reduced proportionately. Though the direction of the EMF induced in the conductor remains as per the Lenz's law, the reduced armature reaction violates Lenz's law [equivalent of the energy conservation law] causing lesser reaction on the prime mover. This is the key aspect and proprietary nature of the Tewari machine. This then, is the reason that the overall efficiency of the prime mover and SPG combination shoots beyond 100% if the no load losses are kept controlled with the use of appropriate current collecting brushes, bearing etc. An over all efficiency of 200 % can be easily attained while running the machine at 2450 rpm and beyond.

The SPG is a low dc voltage and high current generator [30 V dc, 3000 A dc, or higher ratings] that can operate at over unity efficiency of 200% and above and is ideally suited for use in chemical reactions using electrolysis, hydrogen generation, desalination, mineral extraction, battery chargers, etc. and later with more development as a stand alone motor-generator.

The SPG is proven technology that produces 200-300 percent over-unity energy. The SPG theory has been tested and proven. It is time, now, to build a prototype system and to work on improving the concept to develop a product that can be used in every household.

Take a look at this informative poster:
The End of Pollution, The Final Solution:
The Tewari Space Power Generator.
view on line or
download Word 97 file (807K)

Toby Grotz, of Wireless Engineering, visited India in December of 1997 to perform an independent set of measurements of the Tewari SPG. Using calibrated high-accuracy instruments, traceable to the National Bureau of Standards, tests were conducted that confirm Tewari's measurements.

[junglelord]

On the Space-Vortex Structure of the Electron
http://www.tewari.org/Theory_Papers/Tew ... 0Proof.pdf

Konstantine Meyl on Space-Vortex Structure
http://www.meyl.eu/go/index.php?dir=47_ ... sublevel=0

[junglelord]

ON PLANETARY MOTION CAUSED BY SOLAR SPACE-VORTEX

By
Paramahamsa Tewari , B.Sc.Engg
Former Executive Director (Nuclear Projects)
Nuclear Power Corporation , India

Introduction

Rene Descartes, in 17th century before the formulation of mechanics by Newton, had postulated a Vortex Theory, which explained motion of the planets in elliptical orbits around the Sun due to the eternal existence in space of a fluid matter, ether, that as a vortex with the Sun at its center, moved the planets. He also proposed that, on similar lines, the satellites were propelled around their parent planets, that too have ether circulation around them; and the ether surrounding the Sun and the planets had no relative motion with respect to these cosmic bodies.

Near the end of the seventeenth century (1689), Leibniz too believed that the planets are moved by their ethers', and had proved that such a motion will lead to Kepler's third law, as per which, the area swept by the radius drawn from the center of circulation to the planet will be proportional to the time elapsed. In 1673 Huygens stated that a body, in uniform circular motion, will experience a central force (centrifugal force) which is directly proportional to the square of the speed and inversely proportional to the radius of the circle. With the discovery of the electron by the close of the nineteenth century, knowledge on its annihilation with positron in the thirties of this century, quantitative values of mass and charge of electron, and the postulate of Einstein, at the start of this century, that speed of light is the highest possible speed in the universe; it had been possible (mid seventies) for the author to postulate space vortex structure for the electron, which shows further in this article that the centrifugal force of Huygens is produced only when there is relative motion between the space and a body in circular motion. Therefore, the question arises whether such a force will be exerted on the planets even if they have no relative motion with their surrounding space. And if the radial and outward centrifugal force on the planets does not exist, the centripetal force as gravitational attraction postulated by Newton becomes redundant in celestial mechanics. The following analysis shows that such, indeed, is the case for the motion of the planets and the satellites of the solar system and, therefore, will be generally applicable for all the cosmic bodies in the universe. Brief description that follows on the nature of space, mass, charge and inertia of electron, will enable in providing proof to the above conclusion.



CREATION OF GALACTIC MATTER, AND DYNAMICS OF COSMIC BODIES THROUGH SPATIAL VELOCITY- FIELD

By
PARAMHAMSA TEWARI *

Introduction

The medium of space surrounding the cosmic bodies is in continuity with each particle of matter constituting these bodies, and rotates as a vortex that imparts angular momentum to them, thus causing their axial rotation (excluding those that do not rotate axially) and, further, the orbital motion of the bodies is also caused by the motion of the medium of space; this conclusion was reached in the recent article " On Planetary Motion caused by Solar Space Vortex"[1]. Supposing that a certain volume of space does not contain any field like gravity field or electromagnetic field, then, this volume will be defined by the contemporary physics as an empty extension of void- ness or nothing- ness. However, contrary to this modern concept on the basic nature of space, the postulates of Space Vortex Theory (SVT), assign the medium of space with non- material properties like, zero- viscosity, incompressibility, continuity, and mass less-ness .The other postulate is that the space can flow at any speed up to a maximum speed of light; and it is this property that is utilized as a physical process for the creation of the fundamental particle of matter, identified in SVT as electron. (The present physics of elementary particles does not recognize electron as the only fundamental particle. Whereas, as per SVT, if any stable particle with mass and charge less than those of electron is ever found, then all the conclusions of SVT are to be taken as incorrect). The structure of electron is shown (Fig.1 and Fig.2) as a space-vortex with a central spherical- void, which does not possess within it any energy field. Basic equations on the properties of mass and charge (exhibited by electron) are derived from the vortex-structure of electron (Fig1), wherein it is seen that the dimensions for the electron's mass and charge, in CGS unit, are cm 4 /s and cm 3 /s respectively. The other new relationship is : gram = 7.8 x 10 6 cm 4 / s.



CONCEPTUAL ERROR ON THE FUNDAMENTAL NATURE OF LIGHT- PHENOMENON IN CLASSICAL ELECTRODYNAMICS, LED TO THE COMPLEXITIES IN QUANTUM PHYSICS

Paramhamasa Tewari, B.Sc. Engg. *

Introduction

James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) had theoretically concluded that the oscillations of electric current in a straight conductor, or circulation in a loop of wire, "radiates away" energy, which is "lost" from the oscillating charges constituting the current. This concept, later, conflicted with the atom's model of Rutherford in which electrons moved around the nucleus in closed orbits; and the question arose that like any other vibrating or revolving charge, the electrons should lose energy by emitting electromagnetic waves as per the classical electrodynamics, eventually falling into the nucleus. The quantum theory of light by Planck and Einstein had accepted the possibility of "emission" and "absorption" of light by electron; the atomic model of Bohr attempted partial solution to the aforesaid problem. However, it is shown in this paper through the space-vortex structure of electron, which provides deeper insight into the basic nature of mass, inertia, energy, electrical charge and light; that during vibration, or revolution around a center , an electron does not lose either its structural or kinetic energy; though it produces electromagnet field (light), which is shown to be created due to mere cyclic changes in the magnitudes of its electrostatic and gravitational potentials in space; on account of to-and-fro displacement of the electron's center(discussed further). Thus, if loss of energy from the orbital electrons in an atom can be shown to be non existent, similar to the solar system in the Rutherford's model of atom, the revolving electrons will have stable elliptical orbits; and this would lead to the right course of development of the atomic physics, provided an alternative explanation for the production of light from the vibrating atoms (rather than the orbital electrons) is given. The physical aspects of the process of electron's creation and annihilation, wave length and frequency of light, briefly outlined in this paper (from author's earlier works), enable drawing comparison with the corresponding ideas of quantum physics and, thereby, tracing down those phenomena of quantum theory that led to digressions, one after the other, from reality in the early years of this century.



Genesis of Free Power Generation

Chapter 7 from The Physics of Free Power Generation
also appeared in Explore Vol. 6, No. 3, 1995

By
Paramahamsa Tewari, B.Sc.Engg.

Introduction

As per Lenz's law, the electromotive force (EMF) induced in a conductor has such a direction that the current produced by it opposes any flux change. More precisely, in a specific case of a conductor moving relative to magnetic field, the magnetic field produced by the current due to the induced EMF in the conductor interacts with the external magnetic field; that initially induced the EMF and, thereby, produces a net- force on the conductor opposing its movement across the magnetic-field. If the configuration of the conductor, through which the current flows, is made in such a way that the magnetic fields produced by the currents in the above two conductors cancel each other partially (if not fully), then there is a way to beat the Lenz's law, due to which the mechanical power required to move the conductor across the magnetic field to generate electrical power will get proportionally reduced.

The design of the modern dc generator has difficulties in achieving the above configuration of the conductors since the generating element is the rotating conductor within the generator, whereas, the entire outer circuit is a stationary loop connected to the loads. It is shown below as to how the physical constraints in achieving the desired relative dispositions of the conductors can be overcome, and Lenz's law can be partly made ineffective. With the efficiency- increase to higher than unity in the above scheme, the question arises on the source of additional power. Through brief discussion it is shown that only with an alternate theory, which postulates generation of matter from space- medium, satisfactory explanations for over-unity machines can be had.

http://www.tewari.org/Theory_Papers/the ... s.html#one

[junglelord]

On the Space-Vortex Structure of Cosmic Bodies
(Paramahamsa Tewari, B. Sc. Engg.)

1. As per the recent recorded data on the solar wind close to the surface of the sun, the wind velocity varied from a minimum of about 380 km/s to the maximum of about 500 km/s, giving an average of 440 km/s [ http://soho.nascom.nasa.gov/ ; 48 hours of solar wind data on 10 July 2002]. While the sun rotates axially at a peripheral speed of about 2 km/s at the equator in the plane at right angles to its axis, the reason for so high a wind velocity is briefly explained with the principles of space vortex theory.

René Descartes, the great French philosopher and mathematician, in his Vortex Theory, postulated around the middle of the 17th century that the solar system is a large vortex of ether (space) that he defined to be a "property less" fluid. And in this vortex, the planets were carried along their orbits with no relative motion between them and the surrounding ether. "He firmly denied that the earth moved (relative to the neighboring space medium), and asserted that it was carried along with its water and air in one of those larger motions of the celestial ether which produce the diurnal and annual revolutions of the solar system" [Pioneers of Science; Sir Oliver Lodge; Dover Publications, INC.]. His above concept was powerful enough to protect him against any possible persecution by the church which, unlike Galileo, did not occur. That Descartes was right in his principles is clear from the fact that in addition to the explanation and derivation of the most basic phenomenon of surface gravity of the sun and the planets, the genesis of the solar wind close to the sun's surface can also be computed with the principles of Space Vortex Theory (SVT) which has postulates very similar to the Cartesian Philosophy.

In my paper "On Planetary Motion caused by Solar Space Vortex" [Journal of New Energy, Vol. 3, No. 2/3, August 1998], Kepler's third law was derived, showing that the orbital speed of a planet is inversely proportional to the square root of the distance from the sun's center. If v is the orbital velocity of a planet whose orbit is at a distance r from the sun

v = k / (r)1/2 (1)

where k is a constant of the solar space vortex.

Substituting the known value of the orbital speed of the planet Mercury (it can be any other planet also) and its distance from the sun in (1), k is determined. Now, using this value of k, and substituting in (1) the sun's radius for r, it is calculated in the paper referred above that: v = 436.7 km / s. This shows that in the near hood of the sun's surface, its gaseous matter will be subjected to a maximum average velocity of 436.7 km / s, due to fluid-space circulation around the sun in the solar space vortex. The above computed value is so very close to the recorded data (440 km / s) mentioned above.

The existence of the solar space vortex and the reality of the space-circulation gets proved (in the earlier paper) by deriving the surface gravity of the sun as: gs = v2 / Rs, where v is the space velocity calculated above, Rs is the radius of the sun and gs is its surface gravity. The value of 274 m / s2 obtained through the above calculations is exactly the same as accepted to day.

It is most unlikely that through any other contemporary physical theories so accurate quantitative results and physical explanations revealing the genesis of the solar wind can be had.

2. The Space Vortex Theory deals with the fundamental structural relationship between the universal matter and the space of the universe.

Postulating the medium of space as a nonmaterial fluid, with a limiting flow and rotation when in vortex motion, it is shown that the universal matter cannot exist, or be created, in the absence of a dynamically real (energetic) space, as the only source of primordial energy. A circulating fluid-space creates energy and matter as its own vortices. The following are some essential aspects of this theory.

- The most fundamental state of energy is an accelerating volume of the fluid-space.

- The electron is identified as the only fundamental particle of matter - an irrotational vortex of space with a limiting speed (speed of light relative to the absolute vacuum) of rotation.

- The property of "mass" (introduced in the Newton's laws of motion) of electron is shown to be due to a discontinuity in the energy distribution (field-less-void) in its vortex-structure at the center, rather than due to some kind of densification and continuous distribution of energy at the electron's center, as generally supposed currently. The property of inertia exhibited by matter follows from an "inward acceleration field" from the circulating-space acting towards the electron-center due to the existence of the central void in its structure.

- The most fundamental field is "velocity field" defined as the velocity of a fluid-space-point, when space is in linear or circulating motion. The "charge" and "mass" of electron are shown proportional to the limiting value of this velocity field. The direction of spin in the electron's space–vortex determines the nature of electric charge; positive are negative.

- A "gravitational potential" in space is created with the breakdown of the fluid-space in the electron's vortex-structure during its creation. Thermal radiation (light) from a vibrating atom is caused in space by a time-varying gravitational potential of the atom-only remotely connected with the orbital electrons in the atom as believed today.

- All the universal constants, presently known, have been derived with a single universal constant (speed of light) and the electron radius.

- Surface gravity of the Earth, the Sun and the other planets, has been theoretically derived with a hitherto unknown formula in celestial mechanics.

- A new electrical repulsive force operating between the Sun and the planets that maintains stability of the planets in the solar system has been found. The orbital radii of the planets have been accurately determined with a new equation that uses this electrical repulsive force.

- The constancy of speed of light as measured by different observers in relative motion is supported (special relativity), while time dilation is concluded to be superfluous.

- A serious misconception on the basic nature of light and, consequently, inappropriate use of Planck constant in photoelectric effect and atomic structure, are shown to be the cause that led to the present complexity and incomprehensibility of the quantum physics.

- An unambiguous proof of the operation of the electrical forces of repulsion and attraction among cosmic bodies has been provided recently with the observation of the colliding galaxies; It was predicted that if two galaxies are drawing closer and closer, then this would be due to an electrical attractive force, and for that to exist, the galaxies in question must have opposite directions of their spin.

- A decisive proof of generation of output electrical power more than the input has been achieved in a new system of power generation, thus showing a clear cut violation of the Lenz's law (law of conservation of energy).

If indeed this pair of galaxies are drawing closer, then their spin directions
will be opposite; the attractive force will be electrical (in addition to gravity).
It would be of interest to know precisely the spin directions,
as this will prove the existence of electrical forces too between cosmic bodies.

3. This last comment is concerning the recent press news from NASA on the picture of colliding galaxies (NGC 4676) sent back by the Hubble Space Telescope's new camera.

You can see above a picture enlarged from the NASA website (from http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap990722.html). They are spinning in opposite directions in support of the predictions contained in my article "On Planetary Motion caused by Solar Space Vortex" [Journal of New Energy, Vol.3, No.2/3, Summer/Fall,1998].

[See http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/collid ... axies.html for more pictures.]

It was brought out in this article that the planets and the sun, due to their axial spin, will possess electrical charge, and will therefore be subjected to electrical repulsive forces between them. The stability of the planets in the solar system was analyzed taking this new electrical repulsive force into consideration.It was also generalized that all cosmic bodies, includig galaxies, possessing axial spin will have electrical charge. Cosmic bodies with similar direction of spin will repel; whereas, with opposite directions of their spin, will attract electrically. The formula for the quantitative determination of the electrical forces was also given in the article.

It thus follows that the force of attraction between the pair of galaxies reported by NASA, if these are drawing closer and closer, is an electrical attractive force, and the galaxies must necessarily have opposite directions of their spin.

It is added that the modern celestial mechanics takes no account of the electrical forces between the cosmic bodies.

It would be of interest to know if the spins of these galaxies are indeed opposite; that will prove the existence of the new electrical force discussed in my above article.

http://itis.volta.alessandria.it/episte ... 6-tew2.htm


CREATION OF GALACTIC MATTER, AND DYNAMICS OF COSMIC BODIES THROUGH SPATIAL VELOCITY- FIELD
By
PARAMHAMSA TEWARI *

http://www.tewari.org/Theory_Papers/FILE2.doc

[pln2bz]

In the interest of demonstrating some level of convergence to the public, are there any other scientists or famous figures that advocated for a vortex-based aether? There's Nikola Tesla's vision of the vortex, which inspired his life work. There's James Maxwell's spinning cell model (which he initially referred to as vortices), from which Maxwell's Equations were built. There's Konstantin Meyl, who cites the absence of the anti-vortex as the theoretical obstacle preventing a Theory of Everything. And there's also David Thomson's Aether Physics Model, which is based heavily upon spin and which further cites John Bernoulli's Whirlpool Aether.

I thought I had them all. Now, I see that there is also Rene Descarte.

It's one thing to believe in an aether, but the belief appears to be quite specific in nature. It's amazing that so many people can be saying the same thing and yet remain ignored. Surely, the public remains oblivious to it all.

[junglelord]

All the work by all the people that interest me have the same conclusion. I am already past belief and I now understand.
What the public decides to do is up to them. The list of scientist with a new vision and new technology all points in the same direction. Face it we have been misdirected since GR/SR. Time to get back on track...

Do not be fooled. The military industrial complex is well aware of the proper physics. They do not want the general public to know....so its not going to be easy.

[junglelord]

A Problem in Plasma Science
by Harold Aspden, Ph.D., FIEE, FIMechE, C.Eng, C.Phys
Introduction

There is a quite serious problem that pervades the scientific theory relied upon in connection with research involving plasma discharges and so having bearing upon nuclear fusion experiments and even the interpretation of certain astrophysical phenomena. It arises from leaving unresolved an issue raised by Clerk Maxwell in his Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism and so dating back to the 19th century.

Equally serious is the problem of scientific academia today by which physicists publish their ideas in numerous papers and in measure aimed solely at building their prowess and justifying their position, but papers most of which add nothing of significance to our knowledge base. Accordingly, university libraries tend to become poorly charted jungles in which genuine contributions of worthy research are hidden and so pass unheeded.

That 'issue' raised by Clerk Maxwell was in fact resolved and recorded in that 'jungle' some 37 years ago and, thanks to the author, myself, being still alive to point to its location, this item is now being remembered here on my website. I will below explain its importance.

The Sun and a Problem

We are told that the sun has a temperature of about 6000 degrees and can verify that this is a reasonable statement because we know the amount of solar heat radiation per square centimeter per second that reaches us here on Earth and we have Stefan's radiation law as determined from our laboratory experiments on radiation from hot bodies.

We are told that the sun's core has a temperature of over 100,000,000 degrees but that cannot be verified because it is founded solely on the assumption that the sun is powered by nuclear fusion and that is said to require such a high temperature. The evidence gleaned from the form of radiation said to comprise neutrinos is not a measure of temperature.

Yet we are also told that surrounding the sun there is a region we call the corona which is said to have a temperature of 1,000,000 degrees, inasmuch as the spectral lines of radiation sourced in that region were found in 1942 to exhibit energy properties akin to those arising from certain levels of electron transitions applicable to highly ionized iron atoms.

So the sun has three temperatures, none of which has actually been measured and all of which are inferred, one from an actual measurement of energy radiation, one from analysis of an energy spread in a spectral image and one from the mere imagination that the sun owes its energy source to the process we associate with the hydrogen bomb.

The problem I have is in wondering how the sun's corona can be at 1,000,000 degrees if the sun within that corona has a surface temperature of 6,000 degrees.

I think most readers will agree that understanding the deployment of energy in a plasma composed of heavy ions and electrons, such as we have in the sun, is important and yet here we have a blatant example of something accepted by the physics community that really does not make sense. Are we to suppose that we are looking at tiny specks of sunlight emitted from single atoms of iron that have a temperature of 1,000,000 degrees, mixed in the background of the sun's surface at 6,000 degrees? Or might it be that we cannot just use Boltzmann's constant to convert energy to temperature, assuming equipartition of energy between all ions of whatever size, and thereby stay with common sense and assign the same temperature to all components of that plasma but admit there is some process at work that deploys energy unevenly? Why should we use gas laws formulated on the basis of there being no ionization when interpretating phenomena exhibited by ionized plasma?

The case I now put is that the problem confronted by Clerk Maxwell, had it been resolved, would have enlightened us on this important issue, one which has significant bearing upon the current research in the field of nuclear fusion.

Plasma Electrodynamics

Maxwell was concerned that Ampere's law of electrodynamics might not be a valid interpretation of experimental fact because it relied partly on empirical data and partly on assumption. He addressed the options available. The key point was that it was known how electric currents interact where one of the currents flows though wire around a closed circuit but it was not known how two discrete electric charges in motion might interact as a function of their motion. To define the law of force there had to be an assumption. Ampere had assumed total balance of action and reaction but one can have total balance of action and reaction for that closed circuit current condition without satisfying the precise formulation specified by Ampere.

In today's terminology the Lorentz force law suffices and meets the necessary balance criteria for such closed current circuit conditions, but an additional term, as formulated by Maxwell, is needed to cover the general case and that still depends upon an assumption. That additional term, expressed in vector form is simply:

(v.r)v'
times ee'/r3, where a charge e in motion at velocity v acts on a charge e' distant r from e and moving at velocity v'. The effect of this term integrates to zero for the closed circuit current condition.
Maxwell realized that this additional term could have any factor, positive or negative, large or small, and still comply with the empirical conditions. He opted for the factor being +1 because he knew that this would give an overall formulation for which the two charges in motion could interact without giving rise to an anomalous unidirectional net linear force that might suggest the interaction induced a linear push on something.

Instead, though it was not mentioned, that would lead to the two-charge interaction itself developing a turning couple as if it were exerting a twist action on that same something. Ampere's law had avoided both of these possibilities.

Given the belief in the existence of an aether in Maxwell's time and the fact that the motion of those charges is referenced on a frame of reference signifying a property of the aether, that 'something' did have a basis, one that could provide the balancing force along with the associated energy.

Maxwell, in being concerned with formulating force action, was addressing a problem that had important energy implications, but that seemingly escaped notice.

What I realized when I came onto the scene was that it would have been preferable for Maxwell to opt for the version with the minus sign preceding that (v.r)v' term, simply because that would avoid the twisting problem. Also, though introducing that out-of-balance net linear force, I could see that such a formulation, for v parallel with v', would, in combination with the Lorentz component, result in a law for which mutual force action between the charges was of the simple inverse square of distance form acting along the line joining the charges.

Such a law made more sense especially as, at the time I discovered this, my thoughts were on linking electromagnetism and gravity.

The formal analysis, however, then had to take account of the possible interaction of charges of different mass, such as heavy ions interacting with electrons, and that added the factor (m'/m), where m' is the mass of charge e' and m is the mass of charge e, these charges being, of course, expressed in electromagnetic units.

My paper on this duly appeared in the library archives of universities in Journal of the Franklin Institute, 287, 179 (1969) and there it sits gathering dust and serving no purpose unless whoever reads this decides to check what I am saying in this web item.

Given that, just as Clerk Maxwell saw reason to question the law of electrodynamics proposed by Ampere, I had good reason for going one step further and completing that task, I cannot understand why physicists interested in plasma experiments have not embraced what is surely the correct law.

Why is it that relevant? Well, just consider that term:

- (ee'/r3)(m'/m)(v.r)v'
and imagine m' is the mass of a heavy positive ion and m is the mass of an electron sitting in an ionized plasma, be it that of the sun or that of a nuclear fusion reactor. Consider the collective results of four types of interaction. (1) Slow moving ion with electron moving closer: Ion gains speed slightly because ee' negative, v' small and v.r positive. (2) Slow moving ion with electron moving away: Ion slows to even lower speed because ee' negative, v' small and v.r negative. (3) Fast moving ion with electron moving closer: Ion speed escalates because ee' negative, v' large and v.r positive. (4) Fast moving ion with electron moving away: Ion loses speed rapidly because ee' negative, v' large and v.r negative.
The net effect of such charge interaction electrodynamically in a plasma must therefore be to cause each positive heavy ion on average to have kinetic energy far in excess of that of the average electron. It would be an interesting, though quite complicated mathematical task to evaluate statistically the mean energy apportionment between ions and electrons, one which I trust some enthusiastic mathematician might undertake. For my part it suffices to point to the experimental evidence that supports what I am saying.

The Supporting Experimental Evidence

In my 1969 paper I drew attention to the fact that it had long been recognized that energy was being acquired anomalously by positive ions subjected to acceleration in a cold cathode gas discharge. The cathode reaction forces measured were high and inexplicable. I referred to a paper by E. Kobel in Physical Review, 36, 1636 (1930). Clearly the effect of electrons flowing in the return path outside the tube and acting on ion flow within the tube accounted for that phenomenon, based on the law of electrodynamics as revised to replace the +(v.r)v' term in Maxwell's equation by that -(m'/m)(v.r)v' term. I note that Maxwell used cartesian formulation, whereas I am using the vector notation that Sir Edmund Whittaker used in discussing this subject in his 1951 book History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity. In saying that the action of electron currents exerts anomalous electrodynamic forces that accelerate heavy ions to higher than expected speeds, I am challenging orthodox theory which sees no basis for electrodynamic forces existing along the line of the ion current flow path, but the experimental evidence supports what I say. I refer to the subject of explosive arc discharges in liquids and wire rupture in experiments reported by P. Graneau and P. N. Graneau in Physics Letters, 97A, 253 (1983) and Applied Physics Letters, 46, 468 (1985). These were discussed in the context of the revised law of electrodynamics in my paper in Physics Letters, 111A, 22 (1985) but see also my paper in IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, PS-14, 282 (1986).

I also refer to my earlier paper on the subject of anomalous acceleration forces exerted by electrons on ions in IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, PS-5, 159 (1977).

This latter paper was published just one year before the two fusion research papers that I next mention, whereas my original 1969 paper antedates these by nine years. I refer to the anomalous gain of energy by heavy ions found in plasma experiments and reported without mention of the theory that I had shown to be relevant.

J. Reece Roth, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, PS-6, No. 2, June 1978, studied the effect of radial electric fields in stabilizing a plasma discharge, but found that something was causing the heavy ions in the plasma to have a much higher temperature than the free electrons. The paper is entitled: 'Effects of Applied DC Radial Electric Fields on Particle Transport in a Bumpy Torus Plasma'. Note that notion of 'temperature' as a sufficient measure of energy. What was meant was that the heavy ions have acquired a much greater energy than the electrons, whereas, seen as a kind of gas, they were supposed to have the same mean energy and so the same temperature. This was a report arising from reasearch aimed at nuclear fusion and here was energy gain by the heavy ions that are supposedly going to fuse and so deliver energy once containment and higher temperatures are reached. That observed energy gain surely warranted full investigation.

In that same year I saw a paper by J. D. Sethian, D. A. Hammer and C. B. Wharton in Physical Review Letters, 40, 451 (1978) and quote the following words from that paper saying that they have found: "Experimental evidence for an anomalous electron-ion energy transfer in a relativistic-electron-beam-heated plasma that is 1,000 times faster than can be predicted by classical processes."

At the end of their paper they suggest 'without particular justification' that the anomalous factor might be the hydrogen ion to electron mass ratio.

Here is another example of anomalous energy acquisition by heavy ions in a plasma, the energy per ion being quite enormous compared with the energy of electrons in that plasma, even though standard theory assumes they should have equal mean values.

Such research is aimed at replicating in a fusion reactor a process believed to be occurring in the sun and, for some reason, ignoring what my earlier papers have offered as explanation, those involved have not seen the common link, the fact that the sun's corona contains heavy ions that have energies far in excess (by a factor of the order of 160 greater) of that of the electrons that are seen as having the sun's temperature of 6000 degrees. Surely there is a natural physical process occurring by which apportionment of energy in a heavy ion-electron plasma favours the heavy ions in a very substantial way.

Assuming that I am right in declaring that an out-of-balance linear force action is asserted by the electromagnetic reference frame intrinsic to the medium I call the aether but which otherwise can be referred to as the quantum underworld, that medium may well be supplying that excess energy. Otherwise, it surely is interfering with the interaction between electrons and heavy ions in a way which promotes energy transfer from electrons to those ions.

Now I have stated that my writings on this matter, and particularly my 1969 paper in the Journal of the Franklin Institute, have not been heeded. I must correct that statement. There is just one instance, a quite important instance, where a researcher in Canada, Dr. Paulo Correa, somehow discovered that paper and saw its relevance to what he had discovered experimentally in his plasma discharge research. He and his wife, Alexandra Correa, in their laboratory research had discovered an anomalous inflow of energy that justified seeking patent protection for their project. My paper was a supporting reference mentioned by the Corrrea's in the patent description of their appatratus. The relevant U.S. patents are numbered 5,416,391 (issued May 16, 1995), 5,449,989 (issued September 12, 1995) and 5,502,354 (issued March 26, 1996).

Indeed, owing to the significance of that research, I did myself in 1996 write and publish a 35 page Report entitled Power from Space: The Correa Invention, which is now of record in the Report section of my website http://www.aspden.org.

Conclusion

As a conclusion I submit that there is something wrong with a highly academic scientific community funded to a large extent by governments concerned with our future energy resource problems, when research discoveries of this kind can be ignored. It seems that there can only be advances which conform strictly with scientific doctrines that are of textbook record without heeding discoveries which happen to emerge from free-lance research that trespasses outside textbook territory.

Electrodynamics was founded upon experiments confined to the interaction involving an electron currents carried around a closed wire circuit and experiment shows that textbook doctrine cannot cope with strange energy phenomena seen in plasma research where heavy ions are involved.

Is there an aether medium permeating all space or not? Textbook knowledge assures students that the aether has been eradicated, thanks to the doctrines proposed by Albert Einstein. So, if the aether is feeding energy into those plasma discharges studied by the Correas, that cannot be accepted and it is deemed appropriate to look elsewhere for our future energy resources. Where to look? Our fusion reactor research, of course, a seemingly never-ending quest, that even reveals its own anomalies. Energy seems to be creeping into the heavy ions from some mysterious source, but that has yet to warrant special study in its own right without us having to wait for the breakthrough that might come when a 100,000,000 degree temperature can be sustained for a long enough period without triggering our extinction.

I say we cannot be sure the sun is powered by nuclear fusion. Indeed I am sure it is not. However, we can be sure that energy is finding its way into heavy ions in a plasma contrary to accepted scientific principles and those in authority having concern for our energy future should heed the message here presented.



H. Aspden
30 October 2005


Dr. Aspden's websites: http://www.aspden.org, http://www.energyscience.org.uk

[junglelord]

I wish someone had told me this when I went to electronics college.

Background For Pursuing Scalar Electromagnetics
T.E. Bearden, February 1992

Note
This informal paper is augmented and adapted from a letter to a young senior in EE, who was planning to pursue his doctorate, and asked for advice in understanding the scalar electromagnetics area and choosing either physics or EE as a major. The reply back to the student enclosed several formal background papers. [Ref 1, Ref 2] This paper is a sort of "executive summary" of scalar EM.

To Correspondent
Delighted to see you are interested in the material and the approach; I will try to give you some quick answers to your main questions.
Best is to simply start with my latest book, "Gravitobiology", from the Tesla Book Co., POB 12183, Chula Vista, CA 91912, phone (619) 426-8213.

Two Kinds of Electromagnetics
Specifically, you must understand that there are two kinds of EM. One is flawed and in the normal textbooks, and you will study it in your education process. The other kind is not in your textbooks at all, but it is in some good technical papers, if you know what they are, what to read, and how to put them together. By the time you get your doctorate, hopefully scalar electromagnetics will be in fashion at most of the leading universities.
For the second, unknown kind of EM, you should read the two Whittaker papers bound in as Annexes to the Gravitobiology book. [Ref 3,Ref 4] They give you the basic theory you need, for the internal EM and for scalar EM potential interferometry. Study them until the material is coming out of your ears in your sleep.


Internal EM Structure of the Scalar Potential
Briefly, Whittaker shows you that a scalar EM potential is comprised of bidirectional EM wave pairs, where the pairs are harmonics and phase-locked together. In each coupled wave/antiwave pair, a true forward-time EM wave is coupled to a time-reversal of itself -- its phase conjugate replica antiwave. The two waves are spatially in phase, but temporally they are 180 degrees out of phase. That combined energy thus stresses the "time dimension', and in fact alters the local rate of flow of time itself. Please note how fundamental that statement is. Everything may be said to exist in time, or "move along in time," or to "be in linear motion along the time axis." When you stress and alter the rate of flow of time, you also affect all those time-present things such as inertia of an object, mass of the object, its angular momentum, clock rates, etc. You directly engineer local general relativity, and you electromagnetically curve local spacetime.

Time Reversal and the Time-Reversed EM Wave
You must understand time-reversal and the time-reversed EM wave [Ref 5] itself, including the theory of the phase conjugate mirror and of the pumped phase conjugate mirror (from nonlinear optics.) Yariv [Ref 6] Chapter 16 and Pepper [Ref 7, Ref 8] are key to that understanding. Study these references also until the material is coming out of your ears in your sleep.

Also study Sachs' overview of time reversal in physics. [Ref 9] Here you will find that time-reversal still isn't well understood at all, but Sachs does a marvelous job in presenting what is known and used. You should also realize that a time-reversed (TR) wave is seen by the observer in his own "forward time." Hence he sees the wave spatially reversed. In short, he sees the same thing as he would see if a movie -- of the wave expressed as a forward time wave -- were simply reversed. So the TR wave ever-converges on its course, rather than diverges. Convergence is the time-reversal of divergence. Apply similar TR processes to other characteristics of a normal wave, by letting the movie film run backward in your mind. Notice particularly what happens to the forward-time entropy of scattered waves -- it becomes negentropy when you time-reverse the scattered waves. You can recover "order" or "energy" even after it's been scattered in performing work, by phase conjugate reflection. And then you can use it again. Remember, every system is driven, with continual input and output of energy. We are not violating the conservation of energy of a closed system, because we are not talking about a closed system.


3. E. T. Whittaker, "On the partial differential equations of mathematical physics," Mathematische Annalen, Vol. 57, 1903, p. 333-355. In this paper Whittaker proved that all scalar EM potentials have an internal, organized, bidirectional EM plane-wave structure. Thus there exists an electromagnetics that is totally internal to the scalar EM potential. Since vacuum/spacetime is scalar potential, then this internal EM is in fact "internal" to the local potentialized vacuum/spacetime. For discovery of the Whittaker-type structure in sonic potentials, see Richard W. Ziolkowski, "Localized transmission of wave energy," Proc. SPIE Vol. 1061, Microwave and Particle Beam Sources and Directed Energy Concepts, Jan. 1989, p. 396-397. For a mention of this same type of bidirectional EM wave Whittaker structure in the potential connected with the Schroedinger equation, see V.K. Ignatovich, "The remarkable capabilities of recursive relations," American Journal of Physics, 57(10), Oct. 1989, p. 873-878. So far, American physicists have shown by their nonreaction to Ignatovich's paper that they have not yet realized that this is a methodology for directly engineering quantum change, and hence physical reality itself.

4. E. T. Whittaker, "On an expression of the electromagnetic field due to electrons by means of two scalar potential functions," Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, Series 2, Vol. 1, 1904, p. 367-372. In this paper Whittaker showed that all the classical electromagnetics can be replaced by scalar potential interferometry. This ignored paper anticipated the Aharonov-Bohm (AB) effect by 55 years, and drastically extended it as well. Indeed, it prescribes a macroscopic AB effect that is distance-independent, providing a direct and engineerable mechanism for action-at-a-distance. It also provides a testable hidden-variable theory that predicts drastically new and novel effects.

http://www.geocities.com/Area51/Shadowl ... round.html

[junglelord]

Autogenous Pulsed Abnormal Glow Discharge
http://www.aetherenergy.com/Technologie ... hor1743617

Energy Technology 1 - Pulsed Plasma Power (Tapping 'vacuum'-energy: aPAGD/IVAD)

Dr. Paulo Correa and Alexandra Correa made their first experimental breakthrough in 1986, when they discovered and isolated a self-triggered pulsed plasma discharge in the abnormal-glow discharge region (autogenous Pulsed Abnormal Glow Discharge, or aPAGD). The basic circuitry consists of a DC input section, a plasma reactor, and an output pulsed DC section. When properly tuned, the electrodynamically-sustained resonant state of plasma pulsation outputs more electric power than is input. Output pulses have reached >30 kW, with mean power inputs of 50 to 100W and mean outputs of 200 to 600W. The energy in excess of breakeven is the result of a resonance of the accelerated electron plasma with the local Massfree Energy Plenum, or so-called "vacuum state". This state of resonance permits the tapping of a New Source of Energy, in fact, a source of Massfree Electric Energy, first discovered by the Correas - who have identified its spectrum.

The Correas have developed Inverter and Converter applications for this plasma technology. Together with the PAGD plasma reactor, these individual applications have been the subject of 7 separate patents granted in the US, Canada, England and Israel.

The Converter system encompasses a secondary-battery-based environment for the extraction of plasma energy in excess of the input energy required to drive the converter.

The Inverter solutions allow the operation of AC devices (motors, relays, transformers, etc) from the pulsed DC output of the aPAGD plasma device, with a minimum of circuitry and losses. Inverter-flywheel systems were also developed.

High Power Reactors employing both the aPAGD regime and mechanically-interrupted Vacuum Arc Discharges (IVADs) have been the subject of continued improvement.

From 1996 to 2003, the Correas made further substantial progress in the development of High Power Reactors, Inverter and Converter systems. These innovations have been kept as commercial secrets. Converter-competitive inverter solutions were also developed before Labofex closed down, including a closed-loop, inverter-based, inertially damped motor-generator system.

The entire aPAGD technology has been ready for commercialization for well over ten years. Yet, despite the efforts of all at ABRI - and in particular the personal efforts of Dr. R. Silva, Dr. H. Aspden, Dr. E. Mallove, Mr. U. Soudak, Prof. A. Axelrad, Prof. H. Branover and still others, no sponsor has come forth to help this technology come to fruition. Ecologist movements have been silent on the technology. Politicians, governments and their granting agencies have refused to become involved unless total control is given to them.

Yet, our Research Institute ploughed ahead. Working bench prototypes of the Converter System have been regularly employed in demonstrations given to interested parties who present the appropriate credentials. Full technical details of this project are described in the various patents, as well as in articles, papers and monographs accessible on-line or in various Journal venues (see aetherometry.com). Some of these models are demonstrated in the Akronos DVD "From Pulsed Plasma Power to the Aether Motor". For a technical and legal evaluation of this technology, the reader is referred to Dr. Harold Aspden's Opinion on the Correa Invention. For a scientific evaluation, the reader is referred to to Dr. Aspden's "Power from Space: the Correa Invention" and to Prof. Emeritus Dr. William Tiller's essay "Some Reflections on Gas Discharges and PAGD Pulses".

[StefanR]

the 'Planet' in Planetary Nebulae?

http://www.rochester.edu/news/show.php?id=3123

The Rochester team's work explored the role of low-mass companions in shaping planetary nebulae stars, both when the companion is in a large orbit and interacts with only the very outer edges of the envelope, and when the companion is in a very tight orbit and so close to the evolved star that the companion is fully engulfed by the envelope.

Blackman, along with post-doctoral fellow Richard Edgar, graduate student Jason Nordhaus, and professor of astrophysics Adam Frank, showed that in the case when the planet or companion star is in a very wide orbit, the planet's gravity begins to drag some of the envelope material around with it. The envelope material—essentially a thin mixture of gas and dust—becomes compressed in spiral waves radiating out from the central star like a twisted wagon wheel, says Blackman. The dust and gas compresses more and more in these spiral waves until they crest, much like waves breaking on a beach. Eventually, a torus of dust forms around the star's mid-section, likely blocking much of the expanding envelope like a belt around an inflating balloon. Over time, such constrained expansion can lead to striking shapes, such as seen in the appropriately named Dumbbell Nebula.

"Originally, we set out just to model the geometry of the envelope under the influence of a binary companion" says Blackman, "but Richard Edgar discovered that as the spiral waves break, they release their compressed, pent-up energy in a burst of heat, sufficient to melt the dust into liquid globules." The globules cool slowly enough to give the molecules within time to align into crystal lattices. Blackman says the team's work show's how a waist-cinching torus could originate to produce certain types of planetary nebula patterns, but it also suggests an answer for why astronomers have detected the puzzling signature of crystallized dust around evolved stars before the nebulae is formed.

In the case when the planet orbits so closely to the primary star that it becomes engulfed by the envelope, a new type of model is needed. Nordhaus and Blackman modeled what might happen as the envelope slows the low-mass star or high-mass planet companion, and found that one of three outcomes is likely to occur.

First, as the companion plows through the envelope material, it can "spin up" the envelope so quickly that the material is ejected, deforming into a large disk or torus around the star's equator.

A second possibility is that the companion spins up the envelope more gently. This causes the inner regions of the envelope to spin around the parent star faster than the outer envelope material. This difference in rotation speeds, combined with the convection of material in the envelope, stretches and amplifies the star's magnetic fields. The stretched magnetic fields can act like a giant spring, ejecting the envelope material out the star's poles as jets.

The third outcome sees the companion itself ejecting out the star's jets, says Blackman. This scenario applies when the companion is an extremely low-mass star or a massive planet that is too small to eject the envelope before it falls to a violent fate. The parent's intense gravity can shred the planet as its orbit shrinks, eventually smearing the planet into a disk of debris around the star. This disk is very turbulent and different parts are orbiting at different speeds, generating a magnetic dynamo that again can throw material out the star's poles at tremendous speeds. Unlike the previous scenario, however, Blackman says that material fired out by these jets would include the remains of the planet or companion star itself.

The Rochester team is now calculating the dynamics of the binary relationship and the characteristics of the magnetic dynamos with more precision. They hope to better understand how these dynamos might facilitate the mixing and transportation of different elements within the nebulae to help produce the distinct chemical signatures astronomers now detect in planetary nebulae.

[StefanR]

Current systems of extrasolar planets

Since their discovery starting 1995 we know about more than 100 extrasolar planets. The actual number can be found in the <Internet-Encyclopeadia of Extrasolar Planets of J. Schneider. Observations of these systems are so difficult that only a few details are known. Many of the planetary systems are very different to our <Solar System. We find e.g. gaseous giant planets very close to their stars. Mercury, the innermost planet of the Solar System, has a semi-major axis of about 0.387 AU, which is about 17 times larger than the semi-major axis of OGLE-TR-56 b (the closest of the today's known planets). In stellar radii, OGLE-TR-56 b is only 4.4 stellar radii away from its "Sun". In our Solar System we can find such small distances only between planets and their moons, e.g. between Jupiter and it's moon Io. Io has a distance of about 5.7 Jovian radii. A strong electromagnetic interaction takes place between Io and Jupiter. With this in mind we asked ourselves: Do these extrasolar planetary systems with planets at such extremely small orbital distances act like Io and Jupiter? As we cannot fly there and as there are no appropriate observations so far a PHD thesis, defended in December 2005, investigated this question by means of numerical simulations.

Figure 1 illustrates our findings: The yellow circle to the left of the figure is the star. The white circle in the figure presents a planet of Jupiter size. The distance between both is 0.0225 AU. What you see is a cut perpendicular to the ecliptic of the system. We simulated the interaction of an assumed planetary magnetic field with the stellar wind. It's flow direction is indicated with the yellow arrows.

Due to the interaction currents start to flow. The color now indicates the current which is aligned to the magnetic field. The upper part of the current system seems to be carried by the stellar wind into the interplanetary space, i.e. to the right. But, strikingly, the lower part seems to be connected with the star. This only happens if the planet is close enough to the star so that the stellar wind shows special properties. This is why we do not find this for the planets in the Solar System. However, a more detailed look into the Solar System reveals a similar behavior of Io and Jupiter: Both are connected with a current system, but in this case both parts of the current system are involved. This leads e.g. to strong radiation events which we can observe as bright footpoints in the Jovian aurora or as radio emissions.

[lizzie]

Vortex Theory of Matter

Quantum Vortex Theory of Matter
http://www.astrosciences.info/QV.htm

"In superfluids, as well as in superconductors, particles move in lockstep. They form one big quantum-mechanical wave," explained Ketterle. Such a movement allows superconductors to carry electrical currents without resistance.”

Vortex Theory of Matter and Energy
http://www.magneticvortexes.com/4.10.html

“The earth does not behave like a permanent magnet, but like a solenoid. With its ionosphere it forms the two magnetic poles of the vortex powered by the motions of the ions. The ions are being dragged by the rotating earth's atmosphere to produce the electromagnetic field, like the solenoid's wires with the electric current.”

Models of the Atom
http://galileo.phys.virginia.edu/classe ... atoms.html

“In 1878, Alfred Mayer, at the University of Maryland, dreamed up a neat demonstration of how he imagined atoms might be arranged in molecules. He took a few equally magnetized needles and stuck them through corks so that they would float with their north poles all at the same height above the water, all repelling each other equally. He then held the south pole of a more powerful magnet some distance above the water, to attract the needles towards this central point. The idea was to see what equilibrium patterns the needles would form for different numbers of needles. He found something remarkable - the needles liked to arrange themselves in shells. Three to five magnets just formed a triangle, square and pentagon in succession. But for six magnets, one went to the center and the others formed a pentagon. For more magnets, an outer shell began to form.”

Mass and Electric Charge in the Vortex Theory of Matter
http://www.amazon.com/Electric-Charge-V ... 1581126751

“A model of electric field as field of vorticular filaments is presented. It is shown that the square of an elementary charge is proportional to the Plank constant and speed of light.”

Tewari on the electron:

From The Electron to a Perpetual System of Motion
http://www.tewari.org/Theory_Papers/FRO ... MOTION.htm

“As is well known, an electron, despite high-speed interactions with electric and magnetic fields and other particles of matter, remains unaffected structurally—maintaining its mass, charge, inertia, and locality after the interactions, just as these were before. This single fact itself is sufficient to postulate on the existence of some unique universal entity constituting the electron, such that the structure explains the known properties and behavior of the electron—as to how it sustains the collisions with the other particles and, yet, remains permanently indestructible without any reduction in the quantities of its basic properties.”

[lizzie]

Do not be fooled. The military industrial complex is well aware of the proper physics. They do not want the general public to know....so its not going to be easy.

So true. They have known the real science since the days of Tesla. It was he from whom they appropriated it. SR/GR were invented to distract us until the black ops people could develop the technology.

[Forum Moderator]

Just a word of caution. The Electric Universe forum is not appropriate for discussion about whether or not there has been, or currently exists, any conspiracy involved in the development and disclosure of the science or its technological applications. It's to be discouraged even on the NIAMI (New Insights & Mad Ideas) forum, though admittedly some discretionary allowance has been made in the past. There are many other venues available for such.

Your understanding is appreciated,
Forum Moderator
(fmx)