Magnetism

[seasmith]

~
The same principle as EPR (or PEPR)- Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (or pulsed EPR)

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy interrogates unpaired electron spins in solids and liquids to reveal local structure and dynamics; for example, EPR has elucidated parts of the structure of protein complexes that other techniques in structural biology have not been able to reveal1, 2, 3, 4. EPR can also probe the interplay of light and electricity in organic solar cells5, 6, 7 and light-emitting diodes8, and the origin of decoherence in condensed matter, which is of fundamental importance to the development of quantum information processors9, 10, 11, 12, 13. Like nuclear magnetic resonance, EPR spectroscopy becomes more powerful at high magnetic fields and frequencies, and with excitation by coherent pulses rather than continuous waves. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v4 ... E-20120920

Reverse magnetic field and "flip" electron "spin".

Every electron has a magnetic moment and spin quantum number , with magnetic components and . In the presence of an external magnetic field with strength , the electron's magnetic moment aligns itself either parallel () or antiparallel () to the field, each alignment having a specific energy (see the Zeeman effect).

Spectroscopy
Atomic spectroscopy Emission spectroscopy Electron spin resonance Ferromagnetic resonance Fluorescence spectroscopy Gamma spectroscopy Infrared spectroscopy Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy Mössbauer spectroscopy Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Raman spectroscopy Resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization Rotational spectroscopy Terahertz spectroscopy Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy Vibrational spectroscopy X-ray spectroscopy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_p ... _resonance

[seasmith]

"
First images of Landau Levels revealed

Physicists have directly imaged Landau Levels – the quantum levels that determine electron behaviour in a strong magnetic field – for the first time since they were theoretically conceived of by Nobel prize winner Lev Landau in 1930

Using scanning tunnelling spectroscopy - a spatially resolved probe that interacts directly with the electrons - scientists at institutions including the University of Warwick and Tohoku University have revealed the internal ring-like structure of these Landau Levels at the surface of a semiconductor.
...The images clearly show that Landau was right when he predicted that, in a clean system, the electrons would take on the form of concentric rings, the number of which increase according to their energy level.

http://www.nanowerk.com/news2/newsid=26863.php?
http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v109/i11/e116805

Landau quantization in quantum mechanics is the quantization of the cyclotron orbits [Lorentz Force] of charged particles in magnetic fields.

As a result, the charged particles can only occupy orbits with discrete energy values, called Landau levels. The Landau levels are degenerate, with the number of electrons per level directly proportional to the strength of the applied magnetic field. Landau quantization is directly responsible for oscillations in electronic properties of materials as a function of the applied magnetic field.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landau_quantization

Discrete concentricity doesn't seem that apparent in the images. Maybe an inefficiency of the sampling process or perhaps more like Landau levels within Landau levels, via fractal-photonic transitions between electrons ...

This simple counting behaviour forms the basis of the so-called quantum Hall Effect.

[seasmith]

Optical interaction with Magnetic "domain" walls


Magnetic force microscopy image of a 10µm X 1µµm sized sample showing a labyrinth-type magnetic domain structure. The magnetization is oriented perpendicularly to the surface (white: magnetization pointing out of the plane; brown: magnetization pointing into the plane). (Image: Bastian Pfau, TU Berlin)

It is known that magnetization can be manipulated by short light pulses but so far the spatially-resolved magnetization change could not be determined due to the limited spatial resolution of conventional optical techniques. Since most of the ferromagnetic materials consist of multiple domains with different magnetization directions, the local change of the magnetization in these domains and at the interfaces between the domains, eg: at the so-called domain walls, is of particular interest. At the FLASH free electron laser at the DESY Research Center in Hamburg, results were obtained that are in agreement with a recently theoretically predicted mechanism: due to the laser pulses, highly excited electrons are generated that move quickly through the material. They thus move from one domain into a neighboring domain with a different magnetization direction. Since the electrons carry part of the magnetization, they manipulate the magnetization in the domains as they move across a domain wall. This means that domain walls can change their geometry on the fs time scale.

“When bombarded with laser light, released electrons that speed through the material will break through the domain walls, thereby virtually changing sides,” said Bastian Pfau, a junior scientist at TU Berlin. “This way, they go from one domain into another domain with a different magnetic polarization, causing the destruction of the local magnetization. Materials with nanometer-sized domains can this way develop another possibility of demagnetization as soon as electrons become more mobile through the laser bombardment.”

Such an interaction between two magnetic domains was previously theorized, but was never before observed.

The prerequisite for this type of demagnetization is that the basic material be divided into domains. Within these areas, the magnetization has the same direction, but there is a random magnetization of these miniature areas toward each other. When the bar is magnetized by an outside magnetic field, the magnetic field of the individual domains aligns in parallel, and the whole bar becomes magnetic.

With the irradiation of a laser pulse, the excited electrons (violet and pink with different spin orientations) will change to a different magnetization (green-red), contributing to the demagnetization of the material. Also, electron-electron collisions increase the number of the so-called “hot” electrons. Courtesy of DESY.

So apparently, magnetic "domain walls" (stationary waves) can be temporally demarcated by a transposition of either/and/or photonic/electric/magnetic power Drivers, and those 'walls' ie: interface/interaction zones (where interestingly the computer engineers says that the 'bits' of information are stored in magnetic memory devices) may be modulated or ordered or read back by +- pulses of some irradiation.
These nano observations could possibly be scaled up to the range of solar/planetary (+-) magnetic domains and impulses, or larger.


http://photonics.com/Article.aspx?AID=52047

http://www.nanowerk.com/news2/newsid=26912.php

∞

Ion Irridation-Magnetic

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetosphere_of_Jupiter

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar ... 5307008207

[seasmith]

`
Domain wall 'Pinning'

To carefully control domain wall motion in PMA ratchets, we therefore chose to engineer the domain wall energy landscape directly by modulating the magnetic anisotropy. Ion irradiation using a focused ion beam (FIB)15, 16 provides an elegant way to tune this parameter on a nanometre scale17, 18, 19. Figure 1 presents the ion irradiation pattern on a magnetic nanostrip. Higher irradiation doses lead to lower perpendicular magnetic anisotropy {PMA} and therefore a lower domain wall energy,...

To elucidate the different effects of positive and negative fields on domain wall propagation, measurements with unipolar field pulses were also performed. In Fig. 2c, low field pulses of 5.25 mT were applied in the easy propagation direction. Rather than reverting to the engineered energy minima, the domain wall stays at arbitrary positions after each pulse due to the random pinning potential of the material,

[ie: heliosphere]


http://www.nature.com/nnano/journal/v7/ ... 2.111.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_wall

[seasmith]

Kohsaka and colleagues found evidence that the pseudogap state may be helpful for emergence of the superconducting state. At very low doping levels, they saw the formation of distinct nanometer-scale clusters that are in the pseudogap state. As they added more dopant atoms, they observed that these clusters start to connect (Fig. 1). Intriguingly, full connection happens just as the material becomes a superconductor.

Hole doping first destroys the Mott state, yielding a weak insulator6, 7 where electrons localize only at low temperatures without a full energy gap. At higher doping levels, the ‘pseudogap’, a weakly conducting state with an anisotropic energy gap and intra-unit-cell breaking of 90° rotational (C4v) symmetry, appears3, 4, 8, 9, 10.

However, a direct visualization of the emergence of these phenomena with increasing hole density has never been achieved. Here we report atomic-scale imaging of electronic structure evolution from the weak insulator through the emergence of the pseudogap to the superconducting state in Ca2− xNa xCuO2Cl2. The spectral signature of the pseudogap emerges at the lowest doping level from a weakly insulating but C4v-symmetric matrix exhibiting a distinct spectral shape.

At slightly higher hole density, nanoscale regions exhibiting pseudogap spectra and 180° rotational (C2v) symmetry form unidirectional clusters within the C4v-symmetric matrix. Thus, hole doping proceeds by the appearance of nanoscale clusters of localized holes within which the broken-symmetry pseudogap state is stabilized. A fundamentally two-component electronic structure11 then exists in Ca2− xNa xCuO2Cl2 until the C2v-symmetric clusters touch at higher doping levels, and the long-range superconductivity appears.

Neglecting the naturally pixelating sampling technique, E fields of the emerging domains appearing here as a fractal beadwork of surface plasmons on the pictograms that have in fact, a coherent 90º, 180º, 90º Rotational Symmetry.
Flux/fields now inherent in the plasmons as symmetric EM holograms interface at melding domain surfaces (more to that later).



Emergent rotational symmetries in disordered magnetic domain patterns.

Run Su, Keoki A Seu, Daniel Parks, Jimmy J Kan, Eric E Fullerton, Sujoy Roy, Stephen D Kevan
Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
Physical Review Letters (impact factor: 7.37). 12/2011; 107(25):257204.
0 0 · 0 BOOKMARKS
ABSTRACT

Uniaxial systems often form labyrinthine domains that exhibit short-range order but are macroscopically isotropic and would not be expected to exhibit precise symmetries. However, their underlying frustration results in a multitude of metastable configurations of comparable energy, and driving such a system externally might lead to pattern formation. We find that soft x-ray speckle diffraction patterns of the labyrinthine domains in CoPd/IrMn heterostructures reveal a diverse array of hidden rotational symmetries about the magnetization axis, thereby suggesting an unusual form of emergent order in an otherwise disordered system. These symmetries depend on applied magnetic field, magnetization history, and scattering wave vector. Maps of rotational symmetry exhibit intriguing structures that can be controlled by manipulating the applied magnetic field in concert with the exchange bias condition.
Source: PubMed

At some distance in the induced gap, B vector is null and E is full-cycle, apparently super-conducting. At some points as sampled in plane, b is at null node and e is full amplitude. Those conduced electro-chemical nodes, electrons and holes, act sort of as pivot points in inter-domainal orderings.



http://www.nature.com/nphys/journal/v8/ ... s2321.html

http://www.researchgate.net/publication ... n_patterns

[Sparky]

bumping to allow easier access for complete review of thread....

[seasmith]

More Form & Function:

Take a small, thin silicon disk and deposit tin atoms on its surface in a regular pattern. Although both starting materials do not possess any magnetic properties, their combination induces a magnetic state – a surprising result.
University of Würzburg physicists have succeeded in producing this effect experimentally. Their research is reported in the current issue of the prestigious journal Nature Communications ("Magnetic order in a frustrated two-dimensional atom lattice at a semiconductor surface").

The fact that non-magnetic tin atoms on a silicon substrate suddenly become magnetic is attributable to regularly ordered patterns of electron spin. (Image: Jörg Schäfer)
Regular patterns make it possible
...
Spin: It is the intrinsic angular momentum of electrons. Electrons are electrically charged so that this rotation automatically creates a magnetic field. Thus, they are like tiny magnets. As a rule, however, this has no consequences: The enormous number of electrons that are present even in minute quantities of a substance and the fact that these "electron magnets" point randomly in all directions cause them to cancel out as a whole.
...
However, there was yet another mystery for the physicists to solve: The metal atoms arranged themselves on the silicon substrate at evenly spaced distances in what is called a "triangular lattice" as the scientists found out in their experiments.

The Problem of Frustration
The problem: Nature tends to prefer a spin arrangement in which the spins of neighboring positions point in opposite directions," says Jörg Schäfer. But how is this supposed to work in a triangle – which spin should the third partner anti-align with? A seemingly insolvable problem, for which reason it is known as the "problem of frustration" in physics. After thorough examination, the scientists were able to determine how the problem was solved in their experiment: "The spins of the tin atoms arranged themselves on the silicon substrate in an unusual pattern with row-wise alternating spin orientation," Schäfer explains (see illustration).

http://www.nanowerk.com/news2/newsid=29927.php?


http://www.thunderbolts.info/wp/forum/phpB ... 463#p11463 •••


http://www.thunderbolts.info/wp/forum/phpB ... p=931#p931

∞

[seasmith]

~
“Magnetic Hose” For Transmitting Magnetic Fields

... new materials offer an alternative approach. In recent years, physicists have begun to experiment with a new technologies that can manipulate electromagnetic fields with much greater flexibility. So-called “transformation optics” allows these fields to be bent, twisted and steered in ways that were impossible just a few years ago. The trick is to create bespoke materials–metamaterials–that interact with the fields at a sub wavelength scale, guiding them in specific, predetermined ways.

Navau and co point out that a static magnetic field can be thought of as a wave with an infinite wavelength so in theory it ought to be possible to control it with a metamaterial in the same way as electromagnetic waves.

Carles Navau, Jordi Prat-Camps, Oriol Romero-Isart, J. Ignacio Cirac, Alvaro Sanchez
(Submitted on 23 Apr 2013)
http://arxiv.org/abs/1304.6300

effect of 27% unemployment ?


http://www.thunderbolts.info/wp/forum/phpB ... p=931#p931

[seasmith]

(just take a deep breath and try to read thru the dreaded R word)


CLUSTER HEARS THE HEARTBEAT OF MAGNETIC DOMAINS MERGING

In most cosmic environments, matter is not made up of neutral atoms and molecules, but rather of electrically charged particles and ions. This ionised state of matter, called plasma, is permeated by electric and magnetic fields caused by local inhomogeneities in the distribution of particles and ions. These fields in turn influence the dynamics of the plasma on larger scales, so the distribution of the particles, ions, and fields changes constantly.

And what causes the "inhomogeneities" >>?

Magnetic [domain interference -s] is ubiquitous in the Universe. The phenomenon, which occurs in plasma, is triggered by microscopic processes and causes macroscopic effects: magnetic field lines from different domains [collide] (-clumsy choice of words -s) and later assume a different configuration.

Waves play an important role in the transfer of mass and energy across different plasma layers. Various types of waves develop during magnetic reconnection and tracing these waves through in situ measurements in Earth's magnetosphere is a unique way to investigate the reconnection process. Scientists have now used data from ESA's Cluster mission to characterise electrostatic waves in the tail of the magnetosphere...

Close to the boundary between separatrix and inflow regions, the scientists identified two types of waves: one type with high frequencies, the Langmuir waves, and another with low frequencies, known as Electron-Cyclotron waves. Deeper into the separatrix region, towards the outflowing plasma, they detected Electrostatic Solitary Waves – single-pulsed waves that span a very broad frequency range.

"If we drew a parallel with sound waves, we could associate Langmuir waves with the high-pitched sound produced by a violin, while Electron-Cyclotron waves would be closer to the lower-pitched music from a cello," comments Khotyaintsev. "The Electrostatic Solitary Waves would be more like the sound of maracas, consisting of short, individual pulses based on more than one pitch."

http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object ... ctid=51741

http://sci.esa.int/science-e-media/img/ ... on_410.jpg

[Morphix]

Something interesting on Maxwell's idea that magnetic lines of force may represent actual tube=like structures:
http://www.conspiracyoflight.com/Lorent ... force.html

Comments?

[Corpuscles]

Hi all

Please forgive me if this is too simplistic, esoteric or 'mad' , especially if it detracts or derails whatever the central objective of this thread.

No doubt we all have at some stage fumbled and fidgeted with a pair of permanent magnets. I especially like the feel of tension achived by bringing two similar poles close or near to one another.

What are those "field lines"?

If we construct a vacuum chamber (as much as we can as amateurs) with glove type intrusions on each side of a vaccum chamber box so that we can pick up and feel the two magnets enclosed. we will note it still works exactly the same.

Therefore it cannot be atomic dipoles effecting the 'air' . Does not that mean there must be some 'substance' that is aligning and perhaps circulting through the objects we call magnets?

Are there 'virtual particles' (lets not call it aether ) of opposite type which exist everywhere (constantly in oscilation cancelling one another ,regardless of the presence of matter that are somehow aligning differently due to the alignment of the matter in the magnet.

How otherwise does this action at a distance work?

Any ideas /contributions to help ease my dilemna of lack of understanding of any explaination most welcome
Thanks
Steve

[Morphix]

Steve. Did you look at my post immediately before yours, with a link to an article on exactly this subject?

[seasmith]

by Morphix »

Something interesting on Maxwell's idea that magnetic lines of force may represent actual tube=like structures:
http://www.conspiracyoflight.com/Lorent ... force.html

Comments?

Morphix, Nice catch. Dollard also lamented the recent relegation of magnetic flux "lines" to obscurity. Personal opinion is that any observed lines/tubes/onion-skins probably aren't intrinsic to a solitary magnet, but would be sort of a cross-product of the flux density, coincident electric radiation and whatever the ambient atomic medium is (ie: solar system-imposed magnetic domain lines).
http://www.thunderbolts.info/wp/forum/phpB ... 255#p82264
3D cymatic topo.

[Morphix]

Seasmith, thanks for the link. Will read it clisely tomorrow and may have some questions.

[Corpuscles]

Steve. Did you look at my post immediately before yours, with a link to an article on exactly this subject?

Morphix

I apologise, no I had not veiwed it prior to post. (I am still yet to watch the video , but will try to do so later).

Good stuff, but after my initial excitement at the opening remarks, it seems to stop short of declaring the "tubes" and vortex's 'real' and describing (hypothesising) it's make up. Is there more? ( ie a more complete analysis?)

May I suggest you provide a little introduction to external links when you post them. It is the only way those of us with limited time can be encouraged to pick out the "good" stuff that interests us.

Looking forward to more discussion . N Tesla once declared or wrote " the most fascinating subject of them all , that of permanent magnets".

Thanks good find
Cheers