The unipolar generator
If one turns an axially polarized magnet or a copper disc situated in a magnetic field, then perpendicular to the direction of motion and perpendicular to the magnetic field pointer a pointer of the electric field will occur, which everywhere points axially to the outside. In the case of this by Faraday developed unipolar generator hence by means of a brush between the rotation axis and the circumference a tension voltage can be
called off.
The mathematically correct relation
E = v x B
I call the Faraday-law, even if it only appears in this form in the textbooks later in time. The formulation usually is attributed to the mathematician Hendrik Lorentz, since it appears in the Lorentz force in exactly this form. Much more important than the mathematical formalism however are the experimental results and the discovery by Michael Faraday, for which reason the law concerning unipolar induction is named after the discoverer.
We now contrast the “Faraday-law” with the second Maxwell equation, the law of induction, also is a mathematical description between the electric field strength E and the magnetic induction B. But this time the two aren’t linked by a relative velocity v.
Different induction laws
Such a difference for instance is that it is common practice to neglect the coupling between the fields at low frequencies. While at high frequencies in the range of the electromagnetic field the E- and the H-field are mutually dependent, at lower frequency and small field change the process of induction drops correspondingly according to Maxwell, so that a neglect seems to be allowed. Now electric or magnetic field can be measured independently of each other. Usually is proceeded as if the other field is not present at all.
That is not correct. A look at the Faraday-law immediately shows that even down to frequency zero both fields are always present.
Another difference concerns the commutability of E- and H-field, as is
shown by the Faraday-generator, how a magnetic becomes an electric
field and vice versa as a result of a relative velocity v.
This directly influences the physical-philosophic question: What is meant by the electromagnetic field?
In the commutability of electric and magnetic field a duality between the two is expressed,
which in the Maxwell formulation is lost as soon as charge carriers are brought into play. Is thus the Maxwell field the special case of a particle free field? Much evidence points to it, because after all a light ray can run through a particle free vacuum. If however fields can exist without particles, particles without fields however are impossible, then the field should have been there first as the cause for the particles.
Then the Faraday description should form the basis, from which all other regularities can be derived.
Obviously there exist two formulations for the law of induction which more or less have equal rights. Science stands for the question: which mathematical description is the more efficient one? If one case is a special case of the other case, which description then is the more universal one?
The new and dual field approach consists of equations of transformation
of the electric E = v x B Unipolar Induction
of the magnetic H = -v x D Equation of Convection
We now have found a field-theoretical approach with the equations of
transformation, which in its dual formulation is clearly distinguished
from the Maxwell approach. The reassuring conclusion is added: The
new field approach roots entirely in textbook physics, as are the results
from the literature research. We can completely do without postulates.
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