Magnetism

[justcurious]

What are those "field lines"?

Steve (aka Corpuscles)

You're in good company, Michael Faraday also could not conceive of lines of force running through "nothingness" ie no medium. I came across his statement while browsing through some of his writings, but can't seem to locate the exact phrase now when I search for it.

Cheers,

Sam

[justcurious]

Faraday: "I cannot conceive curved lines of force without the conditions of a physical existence in that intermediate space."

[seasmith]

Static, three-dimensional magnetic vortices are formed between two magnetic layers around a non-magnetic intermediate layer. These magnetic vortices stabilize the direction of magnetization in the center of the vortex core – a prerequisite for stable vortex antennas for wireless data transmission. (Illustration: HZDR / Sander Münster 3Dkosmos)




Three-dimensional Magnetic Vortices

"So far, magnetic vortex states have been observed only in two dimensions; in other words: Within a plane," explains Sebastian Wintz, physicist at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf. These magnetic vortices typically occur in nanometer-scale magnetic disks. Wintz has now investigated three-dimensional magnetic layer systems together with his colleagues from HZDR and the Swiss Paul Scherrer Institute: The researchers stacked two magnetic disks at a time, which were separated by a thin non-magnetic metal layer, on top of each other. Due to this special design, all magnets surrounding the intermediate layer arrange themselves in equally oriented, three-dimensional vortices – an entirely new observation.

Such magnetic vortices are suitable as antennas for wireless data transmission: When connected to direct current, the vortex core starts moving in a circle. In doing so, it emits characteristic electromagnetic waves. If the speed is too high, though, the system will become instable, the magnetization direction will switch, and the radio wave is interrupted.

The magnets in the vortex core now align in the opposite direction, once again start spinning, and emit new waves – until the speed gets too high again.

Thre-dimensional:
Magnetic disk pairs stabilize magnetization

This is different If two magnetic disks, separated by a thin non-magnetic metal layer, are stacked on top of each other. The structure is extremely thin; each magnetic disk is approx. only ten nanometers thick and has a diameter of about 500 nanometers. The intermediate layer may cause the magnets in each magnetic disk to not align precisely along the circle, but cause them to slightly incline either towards the vortex core or to the outside. ...

The magnets form a static, three dimensional vortex around the metal layer between the core and the outer edge.

Since the innermost magnets are stacked almost vertically and the adjacent magnets always point in the same direction, the vertically positioned magnets in the vortex cores of two magnetic disks stacked on top of each other are always aligned parallely:
They, thus, follow the direction of the 3D magnetic vortex. That is why it is no longer possible for the magnets to simply switch their direction.

http://www.nanowerk.com/news2/newsid=30 ... oo%21+Mail



" Interestingly, the magnetic induction aligns along a flux-closing torus."

http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.177201

[seasmith]

Still trying to grok this 2D image …

“ Close to the boundary between separatrix and inflow regions, the scientists identified two types of waves: one type with high frequencies, the Langmuir waves, and another with low frequencies, known as Electron-Cyclotron waves. Deeper into the separatrix region, towards the outflowing plasma, they detected Electrostatic Solitary Waves – single-pulsed waves that span a very broad frequency range.

This is an area (seemingly) void of magnetic flux, a nexus, complex Bloch Wall structure [or cavity/node if you will], that was plotted in 3D CAD from the electric and magnetic readings taken by ESA’s three probes. This transition zone, where magnetic flux reverses directions {in quadrature},
was found to be filled with all manner of radiations, {detected as EM waves}.

ESA calls it a “separatrix’, but it is clearly not an in-active boundary, and it's easy to make out a ‘bowl and torus’ profile, defined by electric layers, which are transporting “electrons” and “Electron-Cyclotron waves”.
In plain plasma-physical terms, it’s an EM axis, so we can assume a Poynting vector at any point, to characterize power. [In the 2D graphic of the 3D plot, the third axis is through the page.]

Sounds a bit like a resonant spark-gap transmitter ?

"We find high-energy electrons along with Langmuir waves: this is consistent with what we believe to be the origin of these waves, which can be generated by beams of high-energy electrons emerging from the X-shaped reconnection region. We detected Electron-Cyclotron waves in the same region, but we were not able to identify the mechanism that generates them," says Viberg.

http://sci.esa.int/science-e-media/img/ ... o_410x.jpg


http://www.thunderbolts.info/wp/forum/phpB ... &start=105


http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object ... ctid=51741


http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object ... ctid=51743


aetheric circuit~
electrons are Flow,
magnets are Vanes

just rambling here...

[seasmith]

~

Magnetic Deflagration

In this case, they employed small single crystals of a molecular magnet— each magnetic molecule being just one billionth of a meter—that could be magnetized, much like the needle of a compass.

The researchers provided a pulse of heat as the spark, causing molecular spins near the heaters to flip in a magnetic field, a process that released energy and transmitted it to nearby material.

“When the molecules’ spins are aligned opposite the applied field direction, they possess a high level of energy,” explained Andrew Kent, a professor in NYU’s Department of Physics and the study’s senior researcher. “And then when the spins ‘flip,’ energy is released and dispersed into surrounding magnetic material that can cause a runaway reaction.”

Solar Flares, CME's anyone ?


http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v110/i20/e207203


http://www.nanowerk.com/news2/newsid=30466.php?

(how'd this get in the graphite thread ?)

[seasmith]

Researchers explain Magnetic field misbehavior in Solar Flares

The flux-freezing theorem was developed 70 years ago by Hannes Alfvén, who later won a Nobel Prize in physics for closely related work. His principle states that magnetic lines of force are carried along in a moving fluid like strands of thread cast into a river, and thus they can never "break" and reconnect. But scientists have discovered that within violent solar flares, the principle does not always hold true. Studies of these flares have determined that their magnetic field lines sometimes do break like stretched rubber bands and reconnect in as little as 15 minutes, releasing vast amounts of energy that power the flare.

http://phys.org/news/2013-05-magnetic-f ... s.html#jCp

[seasmith]

@

Magnetic Monopoles erase data

, etc

http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/ ... 053113.php

http://phys.org/news/2013-05-artificial ... poles.html

... in the early 1930s physicist Paul A. M. Dirac postulated a particle that should, as the magnetic counterpart of the electron, possess only one of the two poles, and should carry just one magnetic elementary charge.

Before anyone succumbs to another bout of Monopole Mania, we should probably consider that an "electron" is undefined, and if a "skyr∞mion" is a surface observations, then just one side is being viewed.

The magnetic vortex structures were discovered in 2009 through neutron scattering experiments on manganese-silicon in the research neutron source FRM II, conducted by a team around Christian Pfleiderer and Achim Rosch. Since then this area of research has attracted intense interest and made rapid progress worldwide. "Whereas initially the experiments required extremely low temperatures, today we also know materials in which skyrmions exist at room temperature," says Christian Pfleiderer, Professor for Magnetic Materials at the Technische Universitaet Muenchen.

They can be viewed as quantized magnetic monopoles and antimonopoles, which provide sources and sinks of one flux quantum of emergent magnetic flux, respectively.

http://www.helmholtz-berlin.de/media/me ... n-1604.pdf


at least physorg has the honesty to preface with "artificial"

[seasmith]

A recent thread here dealing with magneto-electric effects and terahertz mediations recalled this recent article concerning Andrei Pimenov, and his “electromagnons”.
Perhaps a stretch, but the process described here seems almost the inverse of ‘magneto- electric interaction’ from the JoAP article.
As in the with the ubiquitous ‘Torus-Bowlfocus-Jet configurations so elaborately described by D. LaPoint in the “Primer Fields” series, there appears a dielectric condition where driven electric and magnetic fields counter-balance.

The present effect induces a strong electric dipole moment along the propagation direction of linearly- polarized light by a mechanism involving both the optical electrical and magnetic field, making it quite distinct from optical rectification,
We explain the origin of this magneto-electric effect…
These treatments describe charge oscillations that are driven jointly by the elec- tric and magnetic field components of a linearly-polarized light field. The fields act together (despite their orthogonality) to drive a dipolar magnetization parallel to the optical B field in bound electron systems. Strong coupling of energy from electric to magnetic motions accounts for the appearance of large magnetic dipole (MD) moments despite the weakness of optical Lorentz forces that exist at intensities far below the rel- ativistic threshold (I << 1018 W/cm2).

http://www.thunderbolts.info/wp/forum/phpB ... =3&t=14759

Electromagnons
In 2006, Andrei Pimenov (while working at Augsburg University) found evidence of excitations [electron+hole formations] which are based on both electric and magnetic ordering. These excitations, which have been dubbed “electromagnons”, have been hotly debated by materials scientists ever since. Now Pimenov and his team have succeeded in switching such excitations on and off with an electric field in a special material made of dysprosium, manganese and oxygen (DyMnO3).


...many electrons align their magnetic moments at low temperatures. Each electron has a magnetic direction which is slightly distorted with respect to the adjoining electron – therefore the electrons create spiral of magnetic moments. The spiral has two possible orientations – clockwise or counterclockwise – and, surprisingly, an external electric field can switch between these two possibilities.

Vibrating Atoms, Wobbling Moments
In magneto-electric materials, the charges and the magnetic moments of the atoms are connected. In dysprosium manganese oxide, this connection is particularly strong: “When the magnetic moments wobble, the electric charges move too”, says Andrei Pimenov.

In this material, magnetic moments and electric charges simultaneously play a part in the excitation, and therefore both can be influenced by one single external field.The effect can be demonstrated by sending terahertz radiation through the material: The polarization of the terahertz beam is changed if the multiferroic material exhibits magnetic ordering. If the magnetic spiral in the material can be switched with an electric field, this electric field eventually determines, whether the polarization of the terahertz beam is being rotated.

http://www.nanowerk.com/nanotechnology_ ... z2n7lISRs9

[Bengt Nyman]

Dark Energy and Magnetism

The Standard Model suggests that there is invisible energy in the universe beyond that of invisible EM radiation. The Standard Model calls this Dark Energy.

Let us envision dark energy as a mist of energy. It is likely that when left alone dark energy shows no electrical charge. However, when exposed to electrical charge it is suggested that the elementary constituents of dark energy can become polarized and show dipole characteristics.

Through experiments and observations we have learned to describe magnetic fields and their interactions with electrical currents and more. Yet, we have no explanation for what causes these actions at a distance and what causes remote magnetic actions and reactions without a known carrier.

The model of a magnetic field is a convenient construct for mapping and quantifying magnetic effects. But it is also a devious and misleading model as our imaginary field lines reach out into space possibly giving us the impression that they are the carrier of remote magnetic effects. They are not. They are merely a way to map and quantify an effect, the cause of which we yet have to understand.

So for a moment, please forget the idea of a magnetic field and ask yourself what is truly the mechanism behind and the carrier of magnetism.

Let us start with the case of two parallel electrical conductors. Observations tell us that electrical currents flowing in the same direction through the two parallel conductors cause the two conductors to attract each other. Flowing electrical currents in opposite directions cause the conductors to repel each other. The question is, why do they do this.

Think of a conductor as mostly empty space, occupied by a cylindrical lattice of conductive atoms. The conductive atoms consist of mostly empty space between the atom nuclei and their electrons. Now add the pinball like stampede of electrons as a result of the electrical current flowing through the conductor.

According to the standard model 70% of all energy in the universe is dark energy, including right here and now.
Consequently, the conductors in the example above contain 2.3 times more dark energy than energy in form of atoms in the conductors and air between and around them.

Therefore, in the example above, when we start the electrons rushing through our two conductors, the negative charge of the rushing electrons polarize adjacent dark energy and induces a secondary flow of energy in, around and between the conductors. If these two flows are unidirectional, Daniel Bernoulli told us already in 1738 what to expect. We get a force pulling the two conductors together. Conversely, if the two currents flow in opposite directions we get a force pushing the conductors apart.

To further test this hypothesis let us look at possible dipole interactions in an electric motor.
A straight electrical conductor runs past the cylindrical end of a coiled electrical conductor. We now apply a voltage across the two ends of the coiled conductor. Electrons start flowing through the coil. The circular flow of electrons around the axis of the coil also induces a vortex of dark energy in and around the cylindrical coil. This vortex of strings flairs out past the end of the cylindrical coil. The straight conductor running by the end of the coil rests peacefully in the middle of this string vortex. We now apply a voltage across the ends of the straight conductor. The electron flow through the straight conductor induces a flow of dark energy along the straight conductor. We now have a linear flow of energy perpendicular to a vortex of strings generated by the coil. Daniel Bernoulli probably studied this as well, but a more modern study is that of a dimpled golf ball flying with backspin. The collision of opposing air flows under the golf ball compared to the unidirectional air flows above the golf ball creates a pressure differential which lifts the golf ball and keeps it flying longer.
Similarly, where the linear flow of energy collides with the opposite direction of the energy around the coil, the energy partial pressure becomes higher than where the two flows are unidirectional. As a result the energy pressure differential attempts to move the conductor.

[seasmith]

∞
May i wholeheartedly recommend Wal Thornhill's new video short,

Quantum Craziness

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e3uiR-BIF0A

and may we now be relieved of ever having to discuss Quarks or Quantum Entanglement again on the forum, except in an historical context.


Now about the speed of magnetism ...

[Bengt Nyman]

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e3uiR-BIF0A

Agreed and further explained in http://www.dipole.se

Now about the speed of magnetism ...

The speed of magnetism is the same as the speed of gravity.
Both are caused and carried by forces between dipoles.
These forces are omnipresent, changes are instant and not speed or time dependent.

[Sparky]

These forces are omnipresent, changes are instant and not speed or time dependent

Are you suggesting a solid, non-compressible aether?

Let us envision dark energy as a mist of energy. It is likely that when left alone dark energy shows no electrical charge. However, when exposed to electrical charge it is suggested that the elementary constituents of dark energy can become polarized and show dipole characteristics.[/quote]

Did I miss something? What mechanical form does dark energy take?
And where in the universe is there no electrical charge?

[Bengt Nyman]

Are you suggesting a solid, non-compressible aether?

No.

What mechanical form does dark energy take?

The categorization "mechanical" is a man made concept used to describe visible, stable and seemingly solid concentrations of energy which are denser than their surroundings.
The smallest constituent in dark energy mist Is smaller than an electron, smaller than a photon, smaller than a Higgs, and smaller than the standing waves that make up all of these so called particles.
The smallest constituent of dark energy is far from being a big enough bit of energy to qualify as something mechanical.

[Sparky]

The smallest constituent of dark energy is far from being a big enough bit of energy to qualify as something mechanical.

Then how does it transmit energy?

[Bengt Nyman]

Then how does it transmit energy?

It IS energy and it is torn between gravitational accumulation and the propensity to follow energy density gradients toward a lower energy density.