Hydrocarbons in the Deep Earth?

[BobDodds]

JF Kenney and the Russians-Ukrainians explain that oil in basement rock, and other consistencies with abiotic principles, have now been confirmed by proofs, such as what temperature range oil can form at, and not formed at, excluding a non-deep-earth scenario and biogenic chemistry, and the fact that 98% of organic detritus turns indistinguishable from mineral inorganics in a fairly short time. Racking up great amounts of oil found in basement rock herds the biogenic fans into a corner, and without that, I am not sure they would be finished by the actual scientific proofs like the temp range and biogenic decay arguments.

Science of finding and tracing fractures is where western science has probably built something new on the founding basis in Russian-Ukrainian post-1950, modern oil exploration science, but any time the west gets a camel nose in the tent, watch out for your strait of Hormuz. Fracking seems to involve horizontal drilling, staying shallow, acting as if oil shale is not just a sign to obey Kudratsev's Rule and drill vertically. Frackers and horizontal drilling around the producing Arikara deep wells are just coming up dry, going against Kudratsev's Rule, while Arikara wells are following Kudratsev's Rule to the oil. It just might be that hired-archicalism is in orderly retreat with a new intrusion of false science of a form conveniently facilitating pre-occupation with fracking and ignoring Kudratsev's Rule. Frack, cause earthquakes, provoke regulation and drilling moratoriums, or, drill sideways and claim White Tiger isn't much, drill sideways to nothing and claim Arikara deep wells aren't much. Snake(dinosaur) oil salesmen find security by studying people, rather than pursuing physical science or basic research. Fracking instead of adhering to Kudratsev might sell a lot of fracture science but that earthquake thing might be a caveat. Real fracture science must exist, though, like locating reservoirs by least gravity pull. Interesting that formation of those salt domes turns out to be another proof of abiotic oil, and not a basis for a sedimentary to fossil leap.

[BobDodds]

No JF Kenney google caching, no search return for JF Kenney at Deep Carbon Observatory, but, google hit for JF Kenney on Deep Carbon Observatory:

http://dco.gl.ciw.edu/sites/dco.gl.ciw.edu/files/ltb_final-DCO.pdf
home: http://dco.gl.ciw.edu/

[BobDodds]

Thanks, Anaconda, so Sirte Basin, Libya, consistent with abiotic and not "fossil fuel". Town of Sirte and Gaddafi himself were turned into swiss cheese the month of Dr. Talaat Barsoum's last London MENA conf presentation on oil in basement rocks, Sirte Basin. Africa has a lot of offshore oil, but there is a widely held notion that the relatively stable tectonic plates there do not present a potential for oil. That notion implies an abiotic theory of oil, since it acknowledges that oil is found on fault lines(and implicitly could be found in fractures such as by meteorites) and not sedimentary rock primarily(Gensch, then-ARCO 1980's, said REAL western oil expl sci not then in 1980's looking for sed rock hinting they looked for faults first then petr indicators according to Russ-Ukr-Kenney).

Unreported anywhere are the massive petroleum concessions and exploration projects in Kenya’s remote Samburu and Turkana districts. (For $5000 apiece you can purchase reports like Petroleum Potential of Lake Turkana Area from international oil and gas consultants Beicip-Franlab.11) G.H.W. Bush’s old Swedish pal Adolph Lundin and Lundin Petroleum signed an exploration contract for the Turkana region in June 2007

https://www.google.com/search?q=geology+samburu+turkana

[Anaconda]

BobDodds,

The Sirte basin, Libya has even more indications of Abiotic Oil Theory. I have posted scientific abstracts discussing dolomite and noted 80% of North American oil discoveries are associated with dolomite. In addition, the Burgan oil field in Kuwait is associated with dolomite, as is the largest oil field in the world, the Saudi Arabian oil field Ghawar.

It turns out the Sirte basin in Libya and its oil fields are also associated with dolomite!

There is an abstract of a paper which discusses dolomite in the Sirte basin oil fields:

The massive dolomitization of platformal and basinal sequences: proposed models from the Paleocene, Northeast Sirte Basin, Libya, Mohamed H. Mresah (1997).

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar ... 3897001073

The title of the scientific paper spells it out: Massive dolomitization. A quick summary of the abstract is that there are two sequences of massive dolomitization within the Sirte basin. And this massive dolomitization is exactly as Abiotic Oil Theory would expect. Of course, the abstract and, thus, the full paper, attempts to explain the dolomitization as a product of sedimentation.

The best evidence is that almost all dolomite is a product of hydrothermal brines and/or metamorphic mineralogical processes from intrusive actions started from within the bedrock (crystalline basement).

But there is a problem, it is referred to as the "Dolomite Problem". Geology has historically held that dolomite is a product of sedimentation, but dolomite has rarely, if ever, been observed forming as a sedimentary deposit in real time, especially in wide-spread large amounts, in the field, nor have geologists been able to reproduce in the laboratory the formation of dolomite via sedimentary conditions or processes.

In fact, it is one of the bigger acknowledged controversies in geology. And it's an irony because the supporters of sedimentary formation of dolomite and the supporters of the so-called "fossil fuel" theory both have a problem, the inability to reproduce the end product of their "theories" in the laboratory.

Meanwhile, supporters of Abiotic Oil Theory have been able to reproduce the product of their theory in the laboratory -- the Fischer-Tropsch process of hydrocarbon formation.

Part of the abstract, above, makes an oblique reference to this "Dolomite Problem":

partial abstract
...The use of this integrated approach in the study of dolomites suggests that, despite the much publicized uncertainties in interpreting geochemical analyses of ancient dolomites, the results of the Paleocene dolomites show that the geochemical characteristics are generally consistent with regional stratigraphic distributions and petrographic observations...

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar ... 3897001073

Of course, that doesn't stop the above researcher from claiming they (paraphrasing) "know the dolomite was produced by sedimentation."

Readers are invited to review the abstract in total.

So, BobDodds, not only do the Libyan, Sirte oil fields follow Kudryavtsev's Rule with multiple hydrocarbon horizons in multiple layers of rock from bottom to near top in the geologic column, but also are intimately associated with dolomitization of the oil reservoirs and accompanying geologic structures

BobDodds, you are right about Africa. The best estimates are that Africa is loaded with oil & gas, it's just that most of Africa has not been actively explored in the past.

My suspicion, now, with Abiotic Oil Theory widely known in the oil industry and the association of oil deposits with tectonic fault structures also being widely known, there is a desire to do seismic surveying and other exploratory activities in Africa to find the intra-cratonic fault structures that underly the whole of Africa. My suspicion is that there is also a mad scramble to gain oil concessions. Most of these African countries don't have the technical expertise to access their own oil.

[StalkingGoogle]

My suspicion, now, with Abiotic Oil Theory widely known in the oil industry and the association of oil deposits with tectonic fault structures also being widely known, there is a desire to do seismic surveying and other exploratory activities in Africa to find the intra-cratonic fault structures that underly the whole of Africa.

Aside from the fact that "tectonic fault structures" are entirely bogus, seismic surveying is obsolete. Radio tomography is used these days. Beats hitting the ground with a sledge hammer. Now the "sledge hammer" is a network of microwave emitters, part of a geophysical weapons and situational awareness system controlled by the US military.

[BobDodds]

I think Anaconda has posted a ref here to effect both the brine context of serpentining peridotite and even salt domes(another paper) are more consistent with non-sedimentary formation.

Mresah 1997, on SIrte Basin, well, Talaat Barsoum has presented in more than one annual MENA conference on Sirte Basin, since 2000, about oil in fractured basement rock, but papers like that might cost $5000 to read the whole. For free, we can read that there is 500 mil barrels in "pipeline" consisting of discovered crack system. We can say 500 mil in pipe, big pipe, fossil friends can say only 500 mil barrels discovered.

Tuskegee Oilmen

Those two Kenyan oil locations, Turkana area, are Rift Valley, and there is a sedimentary element there that can serve ambiguity and poetic license until someone finds definitive answers. Basically a rift scenario works for abiotic, since there we are hunting for oil at faults as usual. Rift Valley does not support optimism about African oil, since it's such a big fault area in contrast to a general lack of tectonic activity. Libya is in a different geologic area, related to Saudi and mideast, and then Rift Valley is an exception, while the rest of Africa is granite, basement rock, but stable. It will take advanced science to find cracks, and there is a problem of few roads due to solid granite covered by jungle. Offshore there is quite a bit of oil, and that works for abiotic oil, serpentining brines, but politically it is easy for the first world to take more credit for what is at sea and more difficult to access due to ocean cover.

Sediments in African Rift Valley(allegedly "sediments considered" but they noted volcanos and current rifting!):

"A large part of Kenya is underlain by Precambrian basement, while the Kenya rift basin (a typical extensional basin) hosts Tertiary volcanics that cover Mesozoic sediments (Recently these sediments have been considered for oil exploration [1]). The sedimentary basins evolved along the Anza trough during the Late Paleozoic to Early Tertiary times through extension tectonics during the major Gondwanaland breakup. In the Miocene Period the region underwent intermittent uplift and subsidence along major boundary faults accompanied by the large outpouring of lava flows. The Anza trough intersects the modern rift valley in the area of Lake Turkana. Rifting still continues today; primarily in the north, where active volcanoes are more plentiful."

...rifting continues today and volcanos...drill on down by K Rule into Precambrian Basement.

Lots of peridotite and kimberlite pipe and diamonds in Africa, and diamonds are in all oil. "Dolomite-peridotite is the most promising source rock for kimberlites".

[BobDodds]

Search click here for brines. to see that brines and oil formation do not favor biogenic theory, salt domes may not be sedimentary from above from seawater.

[BobDodds]

"tectonic fault structures are entirely bogus, seismic surveying is obsolete. Radio tomography"

The first claim requires no refutation, since faults exist. The second claim seems to be that new toys require a restart of some sort of arbitrary game. As for new toys, they are just added to the toy box with the rest.

One man discovered the Northwest Passage and found the lost Franklin expedition by getting to know the locals, three or four eskimo tribes/families.

[StalkingGoogle]

The first claim requires no refutation, since faults exist.

I guess that depends on your definition of "faults". Hopefully you won't now digress into a recitation of "plate tectonics" mythology.

As for seismic surveying, again, it's obsolete. Radio tomography has replaced it, and it can be done remotely (using satellites and so on), globally and with incredible precision.

[Anaconda]

StalkingGoogle,

I realize "tectonic fault structure" is not a term of art. Perhaps, simply 'fault structure' would be better.

And, yes, I agree that "plate tectonics" as in the plate tectonics, subduction model is mythology (I subscribe to the Expanding Earth Theory). Still, referring to the continental plates and the adjoining fracture systems using the word "tectonic" is a handy device because most people know what you are referring to.

Regarding seismic surveys, the term "seismic" is still used in the oil industry (and, yes, I know the oil industry is not particularly transparent).

I'd like to read more on the technology you mention because there is some reference in the industry to the technology you write of.

[webolife]

You've got to kidding me, Stalking... do you ever write about anything about which you actually have some knowledge? Satellite RT images fluctuations in the magnetosphere and ionosphere in connection with earth based radio transmitters and receivers. Ground based RT, as use in mines and the like, is short ranged and generally limited to the distinguishing of conductive and non-conductive strata or objects in the line of the receiver and transmitter. Noone is using RT from space to determine underground structures, and there is nothing to even suggest that RT replaces or will replace seismic surveyance, which is much longer range in capacity, and measures changes in density and sound conductance. And, by the way, I live in area criss-crossed by numerous tectonic fault structures. "Tectonic" simply means "mountain building" and in terms of "plate tectonics" is simply a reference to the fact that mountain ranges are associated closely with fault zones that delineate large blocks or sections of the earth's crust. You remind me of a former student of mine with whom I found that, when I needed him to comply with some policy, the easiest way to assure it was to tell him to do the exact opposite.

[Anaconda]

Previously, salt domes were discussed in reference to dolomite and lead & zinc trace elements in oil field brines, where the following paper's abstract was presented:

Origin of 'exotic' mineral in Mississippi salt dome cap rocks: results of reaction-path modeling, James A. Saunders and Robert C. Thomas (1994).

Abstract
Shallow salt domes in central Mississipi pierce Mesozoic formations hosting regionally extensive metal-rich brines. This association, coupled with the multiple fluid-migration pathways around salt domes, suggests that these brines were the source of Fe [iron] and base-metal sulfide, Sr [strontium], and Ba [barium] minerals in salt dome cap rocks. Fluid inclusions in barite and celestite indicate that the brines had a relatively constant average composition of approximately 200,000 mg/l total dissolved solids, which is similar to present-day oil field brines from central Mississippi. Geochemical reaction-path modeling indicates that the suite of observed cap rock minerals can be produced by alternating periods of biogenic SO4 reduction with inorganic anhydrite dissolution (or by mixing with seawater). Sulfide-rich portions of cap rock at Hazelhurst salt dome have molar Fe: Pb and Fe:Zn ratios similar to present-day oil field brines, indicating that mixing of brines with abundant amounts of H2S produced by biogenic SO4 reduction led to rapid precipitation of virtually all dissolved metals as relatively insoluble sulfide minerals.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar ... 2796000327

But this is by no means the first time salt domes and their association with large discoveries of petroleum have been discussed in terms of Abiotic Oil Theory. As early as 1903, there was discussion of salt domes as evidence of Abiotic Oil Theory. This discussion did not happen on the fringe, but right in the pages of The Journal of the Canadian Mining Institute. A highly recognized Canadian mining trade publication. The name of the article was the Volcanic Origin of Natural Gas and Petroleum, by Eugene Coste.

I read this journal article early in my study & research of Abiotic Oil Theory. I was impressed when I read it, then, and, I'm impressed, when I read it, now, after much more study & research. Eugene Coste's analysis & interpretation is excellent and it led him to conclude, against the bulk of opinion even at that time, that petroleum is a product of the deep Earth with no connection with 'organic detritus'.

In part of the article, salt domes are discussed at some length. It seems appropriate, given recent past discussion on this board, to present that section of the article for readers:

The Journal of the Canadian Mining Institute, 1903, Volcanic Origin of Natural Gas and Petroleum, Eugene Coste.

... The salt islands [salt domes] of Louisiana were described by Capt. Lucas in the transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers before his discovery of oil at Beaumont [Spindletop, 1901]. These so called islands, rising from 80 to 250 feet above the surrounding marshes of the Coast Pairie, are hills beneath layers of stratified clay and sand. They belong to the same group of topographic phenomena as Spindletop hill at Beaumont. By sinking through the super-structure of sand and clay Capt. Lucas located the salt bodies, and determined their horizontal extent, developing also the important fact that, though limited in diameter, they were of great depth, that of Jefferson Island having been penetrated for 2,100 feet without reaching bottom... The bodies of salt discovered beneath the hills of the Coast Prairie are of remarkable size, thickness and purity, notably those of Louisiana, and one discovered within the past few months at Damon's mound which, for its lower 700 feet, is pure rock salt with occasional traces of oil... It was Capt. Lucas who discovered the relation between the sulphuretted hydrogen fumaroles, gas springs, and sulphur incrustations at the surface and the bodies of subterranean oil; and it was his belief in this association that led him to seek for oil on Spindletop hill... The oil is closely associated with the mounds occuring on their slopes or summits... In some localities hot water has been struck below the oil... In the original Lucas well, the oil itself is hot... It had a temperature of over 110 F. The oil seems to occur not in any definite continuous stratum but in spots of many strata. Gas in immense quanities and frequently under such pressure as to wreck the wells, has been struck before reaching the oil. This has occurred several times at Spindletop, twice at Sour Lake, and once at Velasco, where the destructive effect was terrific. Sulphur and sulphuretted hydrogen gas occur in intimate association with the Beaumont oil. In fact, the oil itself is said to contain 1 to 2% of sulphur, and the fumes of sulphuretted hydrogen are strong in the vicinity of the wells... Underground bodies of sulphur associated with the oil by natural processes have been found in many localities. The Calcasieu section of Hilgard shows 540 feet in depth solid sulphur rock similar to that encountered at 1040 [feet] in the Beaumont well. At Damon's mound a bed of sulphur from 10 to 40 feet thick was encountered above the salt. Crystals of free sulphur also occur in the cap rock overlaying the Spindletop oil. Capt. Lucas found the sub-strata of the south eastern part of Belle Isle, above and down to the salt rock, were heavily impregnated with petroleum. Several calcareous strata containing sulphur were also encountered... The wells at Damon's mound encountered small flows of oil at depths of from 400 to 600 feet... At Keyser's mound, in the same county, about six miles north of Damon's and near the Brazos River, a flow of oil was struck at 400 feet... Still another interesting phenomenon is the occurrance of dolomite. The oil of Spindletop is said to occur in a cavernous mass of this material. At Big Hill, Jefferson county, which is one of the most conspicious mounds, the drill after going down 300 feet penetrated a mass of coarsely crystalline dolomite in which it continued to nearly 1375 feet. At 900 feet a small seep of oil was struck in the dolomites...

http://books.google.com/books?id=2UcLAA ... &q&f=false

Eugene Coste wants to emphasize the volcanic origin and so focusses on the presence of sulphur, however, the presence of dolomite can not be overlooked, and, indeed, it is noted. Whether volcanic or of other intrusive origin, the basis of hydrocarbon formation is emanations from the bedrock through vertical, high angle faults, acting as conduits.

Perhaps, for purposes of this discussion the last sentences are most important:

Still another interesting phenomenon is the occurrance of dolomite. The oil of Spindletop is said to occur in a cavernous mass of this material. At Big Hill, Jefferson county, which is one of the most conspicious mounds, the drill after going down 300 feet penetrated a mass of coarsely crystalline dolomite in which it continued to nearly 1375 feet. At 900 feet a small seep of oil was struck in the dolomites...

So, again, there is an association of dolomite and petroleum right within a salt dome, in "a cavernous mass of this material", at Spindletop (1901), the oil well that started the Texas oil boom.

[StalkingGoogle]

I realize "tectonic fault structure" is not a term of art. Perhaps, simply 'fault structure' would be better.

The conventional usage of the term "fault" is to describe areas that are earthquake-prone, for example the interstitial "fault" near New Madrid in the midwest US. These kinds of "faults" don't seem to be related to any cracks anywhere in the crust, which suggests a completely different picture of earthquakes than the "rubbing plates" model suggests.

Still, referring to the continental plates and the adjoining fracture systems using the word "tectonic" is a handy device because most people know what you are referring to.

I generally use the term "tectonic" to describe earth-shaping phenomena. I think you're probably on the right track with the expansion idea. If that's the case then these cracks would just be geological features, a result of tectonic forces or activity, not something shaping the Earth but the result of that shaping.

Regarding seismic surveys, the term "seismic" is still used in the oil industry (and, yes, I know the oil industry is not particularly transparent).

You seem to be talking about second tier technology, the technology we plebes get. I'm talking about the cutting edge technology the military uses. They have powerful emitters and a massive sensor array deployed over the entire planet. They can essentially perform computer assisted tomography on the entire planet. This data is used to guide the use of their geophysical weapon systems. They control the weather on a fine scale and produce earthquakes, hurricanes, volcanic activity, etcetera.

[sureshbansal342]

we have sufficient scientific evidences that oil has deep origin in the earth.
2. we have sufficient strong chemical test evidence that oil has biogenic origin.
by taking scientific evidence from both we can easily conclude it that oil has both deep and biotic origin also and there is no need of manipluation with scientific evidences because both origin can be possible.it can give us a very important information about earth formation that we never knows earlier. we should put energy to observe why oil has both origins. bark oil has both origin in the log of tree . please see below link.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CC7i5CY6XNo&NR=1

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a3lG3FX9D68

earth itself can be a single living thing . there is no doubt and oil is a scientific evidence supported by another visual evidence of EE also.

[Anaconda]

StalkingGoogle:

You presented my statement:

I realize "tectonic fault structure" is not a term of art. Perhaps, simply 'fault structure' would be better.

And, then, you responded:

The conventional usage of the term "fault" is to describe areas that are earthquake-prone, for example the interstitial "fault" near New Madrid in the midwest US. These kinds of "faults" don't seem to be related to any cracks anywhere in the crust, which suggests a completely different picture of earthquakes than the "rubbing plates" model suggests.

Ah, you prefer not to use the term, "fault". I understand. Well, I'm not bounded by specific terms, but rather, the underlying physical reality. Using specific terms in science is about facilitating the communication of ideas and describing physical reality in a way other people can understand and, then, assess whether those ideas and descriptions are accurate representations of the actual physical world and how it operates -- the causation for physical phenomenon.

I see you use the word, "cracks". Good, then I have a paper that meets you at least half-way

Cracks of the World: Global Strike-Slip Fault Systems and Giant Resource Accumulations, by Stanley B. Keith (2004).

(Presented to the Houston Geological Society.)

Evidence is mounting that the Earth is encircled by subtle necklaces of interconnecting, generally latitude-parallel faults [aka 'cracks']. Many major mineral and energy resource accumulations are located within or near the deeply penetrating fractures of these “cracks of the world.” Future exploration for large petroleum occurrences should emphasize the definition, regional distribution, and specific characteristics of the global crack system. Specific drill targets can be predicted by understanding the local structural setting and fluid flow pathways in lateral, as well as vertical conduits, detectable through patterns in the local geochemistry and geophysics.

How does that grab you: "Future exploration for large petroleum occurrences should emphasize the definition, regional distribution, and specific characteristics of the global crack system."

At a more local scale, introduction of magma and hydrothermal fluids into the global “crack system” commonly is coincident with kinematic activity in the faults [aka 'cracks']. Indeed, analysis of mineral and chemical fractionation patterns produced during sequential introductions of the hot fluids offers new tools for kinematic and dynamic analysis of the global-scale fracture system.

http://www.hgs.org/en/art/?34

Of course, Stanley B. Keith is a geologist whose papers have been cited and discussed previously on this board because of the physical explanation supporting Abiotic Oil Theory and specifically the intimate association between petroleum & hydrothermal dolomite (HTD).

I generally use the term "tectonic" to describe earth-shaping phenomena.

Ah, yes, the intrusions and upward thrusting orogenesis responsible for much of the geological formations on the continents and at points in the sea bed like mid-ocean spreading ridges.

I'm talking about the cutting edge technology the military uses. They have powerful emitters and a massive sensor array deployed over the entire planet. They can essentially perform computer assisted tomography on the entire planet.

Is there evidence oil companies have access to such technology for use in oil exploration & discovery?

Summary and Implications for Petroleum Resources

Future petroleum exploration should emphasize domains of reduced crust where deformation is associated with slab-tears and regional trans-current faulting [breaks in the crust] that are related to the global crack system in both continental and oceanic regions.

The tectonic and metallogenic analysis of Mexico revealed patterns of crustal oxidation state and a country-wide, west-northwest fracture system that offsets the inferred Cambrian craton edge some 3500 km westward from its position within the Chortis block of Central America. Furthermore, this fracture system integrates with oceanic fracture systems in both the Pacific and central Atlantic ocean basins and offsets both ridge systems in each ocean basin by similar amounts - 3500 km. [...]

So, these cracks exist on the continents and out into the ocean all the way to the mid-ocean spreading ridges -- there are approximately 40,000 miles of these mid-ocean spreading ridges where magma and hydrothermal fluids extrude to the crust's surface and hydrocarbon gases have been observed & measured with scientists attributing these hydrocarbon gases to abiotic Fischer-Tropsch Type catalytic geo-chemical reactions.

Much of the world’s major energy resource accumulations seem to be associated with the deeply penetrating fractures of the cracks of the world. These global cracks control the ascension of magmatic and hydrothermal fluids from depth. Under reduced conditions these fluids may be hydrocarbon stable and could be responsible for fractionation of extensive amounts of hydrocarbon during cooling and deposition in low-pressure sites of the cracks of the world.

Future exploration for giant petroleum fields should emphasize the definition, regional distribution, and specific characteristics of the global crack system. Because of the lateral strike-slip kinematics that accompany emplacement of given hydrothermal fluid plumes, specific drill targets at occurrence sites will be lateral as well as vertical to known resource occurrences. For example, petroleum resources in the largest hydrothermal mineral deposit in the world, the Ghawar field of Saudi Arabia (Cantrell et al., 2002), may be related to deposition of‚ regional-scale hydrothermal dolomites in a north-northeast-trending dextral slip zone that is 175 miles long and 30 miles wide. This zone is but one element of the previously mentioned north-south segments in the global fracture system.

In conclusion, we believe that significant new energy and mineral resources remain to be discovered by integrating resource occurrences with studies of crustal oxidation state, crustal fluid generation, hydrothermal plume fractionation/zonation, deep cracks, and a globally interconnected fracture [breaks in the crust] system.

http://www.hgs.org/en/art/?34

Yes, a world-wide inter-connected grid of crisscrossed and parallel deep cracks exist on land and in the sea bottom, and percentage wise, only a small number of these cracks have been explored.

And like the Six Million Dollar Man... We have the technology... To explore the cracks of the world