Recovered: Pulsed Abnormal Glow Discharge Plasma

[junglelord]

Autogenous Pulsed Abnormal Glow Discharge
http://www.aetherenergy.com/Technologie ... hor1743617

Energy Technology 1 - Pulsed Plasma Power (Tapping 'vacuum'-energy: aPAGD/IVAD)

Dr. Paulo Correa and Alexandra Correa made their first experimental breakthrough in 1986, when they discovered and isolated a self-triggered pulsed plasma discharge in the abnormal-glow discharge region (autogenous Pulsed Abnormal Glow Discharge, or aPAGD). The basic circuitry consists of a DC input section, a plasma reactor, and an output pulsed DC section. When properly tuned, the electrodynamically-sustained resonant state of plasma pulsation outputs more electric power than is input. Output pulses have reached >30 kW, with mean power inputs of 50 to 100W and mean outputs of 200 to 600W. The energy in excess of breakeven is the result of a resonance of the accelerated electron plasma with the local Massfree Energy Plenum, or so-called "vacuum state". This state of resonance permits the tapping of a New Source of Energy, in fact, a source of Massfree Electric Energy, first discovered by the Correas - who have identified its spectrum.

The Correas have developed Inverter and Converter applications for this plasma technology. Together with the PAGD plasma reactor, these individual applications have been the subject of 7 separate patents granted in the US, Canada, England and Israel.

The Converter system encompasses a secondary-battery-based environment for the extraction of plasma energy in excess of the input energy required to drive the converter.

The Inverter solutions allow the operation of AC devices (motors, relays, transformers, etc) from the pulsed DC output of the aPAGD plasma device, with a minimum of circuitry and losses. Inverter-flywheel systems were also developed.

High Power Reactors employing both the aPAGD regime and mechanically-interrupted Vacuum Arc Discharges (IVADs) have been the subject of continued improvement.

From 1996 to 2003, the Correas made further substantial progress in the development of High Power Reactors, Inverter and Converter systems. These innovations have been kept as commercial secrets. Converter-competitive inverter solutions were also developed before Labofex closed down, including a closed-loop, inverter-based, inertially damped motor-generator system.

The entire aPAGD technology has been ready for commercialization for well over ten years. Yet, despite the efforts of all at ABRI - and in particular the personal efforts of Dr. R. Silva, Dr. H. Aspden, Dr. E. Mallove, Mr. U. Soudak, Prof. A. Axelrad, Prof. H. Branover and still others, no sponsor has come forth to help this technology come to fruition. Ecologist movements have been silent on the technology. Politicians, governments and their granting agencies have refused to become involved unless total control is given to them.

Yet, our Research Institute ploughed ahead. Working bench prototypes of the Converter System have been regularly employed in demonstrations given to interested parties who present the appropriate credentials. Full technical details of this project are described in the various patents, as well as in articles, papers and monographs accessible on-line or in various Journal venues (see aetherometry.com). Some of these models are demonstrated in the Akronos DVD "From Pulsed Plasma Power to the Aether Motor". For a technical and legal evaluation of this technology, the reader is referred to Dr. Harold Aspden's Opinion on the Correa Invention. For a scientific evaluation, the reader is referred to to Dr. Aspden's "Power from Space: the Correa Invention" and to Prof. Emeritus Dr. William Tiller's essay "Some Reflections on Gas Discharges and PAGD Pulses".

[bboyer]

Posted: Sun Mar 02, 2008 3:26 am Post subject: Pulsed Abnormal Glow Discharge Plasma Reply with quote
Paulo & Alexandra CORREA
OP "junglelord"


PAGD (Pulsed Abnormal Glow Discharges)


Labofex ~ Experimental and Applied Plasma Physics ~ Press Release
Concord, Ontario, Canada, L4K 2J6
Fax: (905) 738-8427
Canadian Breakthrough in Power Generation
Non-Polluting Electrical Power from Pulsed Cold Plasmas Delivers More Power than it Consumes
Prepares for Manufacturing Development
Fully Protected by Recently granted American, British, and Israeli Patents

Dr. Paulo Correa, M.Sc., Ph.D., Partner and Director of Research at Labofex- Experimental and Applied Plasma Physics of Concord, Ontario and Partner Alexandra Correa, (Hon) BA are today announcing a significant breakthrough in the field of clean power generation. The technical basis for the extraction process has been a carefully guarded secret until full disclosure was secured through the granting of three US patents: US Patent #'s 5,416,391, issued on May 16, 1995 and entitled "Electromechanical Transduction of Plasma Pulses"; 5,449,989, issued September 12, 1995, entitled "Energy Conversion System" and 5,502,354, issued on March 26, 1996, entitled "Direct Current Energized Pulse Generator Utilizing Autogenous Cyclical Pulsed Abnormal Glow Discharges". The Correa grid-independent Energy Conversion System utilizes an energy reactor whose function is based upon heretofore unknown spontaneous emission properties of certain metals in vacuum and involves an anomalous cathode reaction force conforming to Dr. H. Aspden's Law of Electrodynamics. The associated Motor Drive provides for direct electromechanical transformation of the energy accumulated within the reactor. The reactor may be conceived of as a portable vacuum battery made active only when needed. The Correa technology employs cold-cathode vacuum discharge plasma reactors to set up self-exciting oscillations, in the form of pulsed abnormal glow discharges triggered by auto-electronic emissions, in order to produce power. The circuit is driven from a direct current source of impedance sufficient to prevent establishment of a sustained vacuum arc discharge. In combination with a special circuit, electrical power, in excess of the input power needed for operation, can be extracted. The System, therefore, may also be referred to as an over-unity system: where net energy output greatly exceeds net energy input. Unlike the cold fusion process, which claims to output low grade heat, the Correa technology directly generates electricity at power voltage levels, without any utilization of cold or thermonuclear fusion principles. Another important feature of the apparatus is that it employs no radioactive compounds and generates no nuclear radiation or radioisotopes. The energy system is entirely pollution-free, self-contained and composed of readily recyclable materials. Storage of the power produced may be carried out by traditional means, be these mechanical or electrical.

Energy conversion system applications for electric vehicles, stand-alone power supplies and autonomous housing are currently under development. The inventors hope that by making vehicles self-sufficient in terms of energy, this technology will offer the possibility of bypassing massive infrastructure expansions in order to make the electric vehicle a feasible reality while solving the problem of range which currently detracts from its appeal. Other potential applications include- pulsed lasers, inverters, transformer and motor circuits. The inventors are presently engaged in negotiating licensing agreements with a view to development of the applications.

Contact: Dr. Paulo Correa, Research Director
FAX: (905) 738-8427


http://www.rexresearch.com/correa/correa.htm
_________________
Peace, Live Long and Prosper.

Man lives in the sunlit world of what he believes to be reality. But there is, unseen by most, an underworld, a place that is just as real, but not as brightly lit... a Darkside."

[bboyer]

Posted: Sun Mar 02, 2008 3:29 am Post subject: Reply with quote
OP "junglelord"

Direct current energized pulse generator utilizing autogenous cyclical pulsed abnormal glow discharges

Claims

http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/5502354-claims.html

http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/55023 ... ption.html

1. A pulse generator comprising a cold cathode vacuum discharge tube having an anode and a cathode enclosed within an evacuated housing, wherein the cathode has an extended surface facing the anode and the cathode is capable of auto-electronic emissions under abnormal glow discharge conditions, which emissions have an extinction potential substantially higher than the sustaining potential of a vacuum arc discharge in the same tube, said discharge tube being connected in an external circuit comprising a continuous direct current source connected between the anode and the cathode, the external circuit being capable of delivering a potential sufficient to initiate auto-electronic emissions, and sufficient current at sufficient potential to drive said tube into a negative resistance region of abnormal glow discharge, the external circuit having an impedance sufficient that, as the tube is driven into said negative resistance region, potential between the anode and the cathode collapses below said extinction potential before a vacuum arc is established, whereby an endogenous cyclical pulsed abnormal glow discharge (PAGD) will occur, the cathode being of sufficiently robust construction to enable it to withstand sustained PAGD and erosion resulting therefrom without disruption or substantial thermionic emission, the surface of the cathode facing the anode being of a metal and having an area which promotes auto-electronic emission at much lower currents than predicted by the Fowler-Nordheim field emission theory, and the minimum separation of the cathode from the anode being at least about 2 cm.

2. A pulse generator according to claim 1, wherein the housing has an axis, and the tube further comprises:

a substantially pure tungsten probe disposed along the axis within the housing, the probe extending through a hermetic seal in a wall of the housing;

_________________
Peace, Live Long and Prosper.

Man lives in the sunlit world of what he believes to be reality. But there is, unseen by most, an underworld, a place that is just as real, but not as brightly lit... a Darkside."

Last edited by junglelord on Sun Mar 02, 2008 3:35 am; edited 1 time in total

[bboyer]

Posted: Sun Mar 02, 2008 3:34 am Post subject: Reply with quote
OP "junglelord"

Jérôme Remy1, Ludovic Biennier and Farid Salama
NASA Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, MS 245-6, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000, USA
E-mail: fsalama@mail.arc.nasa.gov
1 Permanent address: TU/e Eindhoven, Applied Physics Department, Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
Abstract. A pulsed slit discharge nozzle (PDN) has been developed in our laboratory to generate molecular ions in an astrophysically relevant environment. The free cold molecular ions are formed through soft (Penning) ionization of the neutral precursor molecules seeded in a supersonic free jet and are probed with cavity ringdown spectroscopy. An attempt is made to characterize the nature and the structure of the plasma that is generated in these experiments to optimize the yield of formation of ions in the jet. The experimental conditions are characterized by a strong pressure gradient in a short discharge zone. We find that the plasma generated in the PDN source is best characterized as an intense abnormal glow discharge and that its structure is reduced to a negative glow and to dark zones near the electrodes. We have calculated the parameters (length, thickness and cathode voltage fall) that are associated with the Crookes dark space and the negative glow in the plasma. We have also estimated the electron temperature (Te) and density (ne) in the plasma. All these parameters are required to optimize the yield of formation of ions and radicals in the jet expansions, a key requirement in our experiments.

A corrigendum for this article has been published in 2003 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 12 619

Print publication: Issue 3 (August 2003)
Received 4 April 2003
Published 6 May 2003

http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/0963-0252/12/3/301

_________________
Peace, Live Long and Prosper.

Man lives in the sunlit world of what he believes to be reality. But there is, unseen by most, an underworld, a place that is just as real, but not as brightly lit... a Darkside."

[bboyer]

Posted: Sun Mar 02, 2008 3:40 am Post subject: Reply with quote
OP "junglelord"

Abstracts of Labofex Monographs

Communications and Labofex Reports on Pulsed Plasmas

Metallographic and excess energy density studies of different LGENTM cathodes subject to a PAGD regime in vacuum
Supplementing the material detailed in Labofex's Scientific Reports S1-02, S1-06, and the PCT/CA93/00311 Application regarding the design of PAGD generators (LGENTM reactors), this Scientific Report addresses the PAGD current densities at the electrodes, in the cathode PAGD plasma ball and at the emission foci. Determination of the latter two parameters required both videographic and metallographic analyses, performed utilizing diverse types of cathode metals. PAGD cathode affinity was found to correlate with the electronegativity and work-function of the metal employed, PAGD affinity increasing with decreasing work-function. Anode surface distortions were equally examined. Utilizing this data together with determinations of the pulse input energy and the energy associated with the anomalous cathode reaction forces (proportional to 103 to 104 i2) observed in the LGENTM reactors during operation in the PAGD regime, we ascertained the fuel (cathode metal) consumption per PAGD, as well as the energy density of the fuel employed and expected cathode lifetimes.

On the basis of the results herein presented, the PAGD regime can be regarded to be an autogenous pulsatory plasma discharge regime characterized by the presence of quasi-periodic, self-generating and self-extinguishing autoelectronic cold cathode emissions that segment an abnormal plasma glow, and do so at low values of the breakdown field and at variance with the Fowler-Nordheim field-emission theory (that governs the VAD regime) with respect to the observed PAGD (low) emission current densities. Lastly, the PAGD regime deploys large anomalous reaction forces comparable to the reaction forces that have been described for water-plasma arcs, and 100x greater than those observed in VADs.

Aether power from pulsed plasmas
The Correas, for the first time, introduce the reader to their model of the electron. They proceed to an examination of the normal glow dicharge and indentify, in Paschen's law, an unsuspected contribution from the "vacuum state" which indicates a local manifestation of emissions of ambipolar massfree radiation. Lastly, they apply their approach, in summary form, to the manifestation of anomalous cathode reaction forces in autoelectronically pulsed plasma discharges.

This is a provocative, experimentally-based report, due to be followed by an explicit detailing of the physical processes involved - processes which, to this day, remain unknown to conventional plasma physics.


Excess Energy (XS NRGTM) conversion system utilizing autogenous Pulsed Abnormal Glow Discharge (aPAGD)
By producing sustainable pulsations in a cold-cathode vacuum tube, the (XS NRGTM) energy conversion system operates to generate electrical energy output well in excess of power input. After capture, the energy from the plasma reactor passes through the rectification circuit of the XS NRGTM System as DC output. An overall performance efficiency of 483% is reported in the data to be presented. The pulsations occur at a controlled frequency without the need for an external pulse forming circuit. The observed spontaneous auto-electronic emission occurs under conditions not anticipated by the Fowler-Nordheim paradigm, and appears to involve an anomalous cathode reaction force conforming to Aspden's Law of Electrodynamics, first enunciated by Dr. H. Aspden in 1969. High resolution metallographic results give evidence of the auto-electronic signature responsible for the anomalous PAGD (Pulsed Abnormal Glow Discharge) function we have identified.
http://www.aetherometry.com/Labofex_Pla ... bs-Lab.php

_________________
Peace, Live Long and Prosper.

Man lives in the sunlit world of what he believes to be reality. But there is, unseen by most, an underworld, a place that is just as real, but not as brightly lit... a Darkside."

[bboyer]

- 30 -

[junglelord]

THE CORREA PAGD TECHNOLOGY:
AN INTRODUCTION BY HAROLD ASPDEN
I have been invited to say a few words of introduction for the video presentation by Paulo and Alexandra Correa which follows. What you will see is a quite remarkable achievement because the video shows how their ingenuity and dedication have made possible something which scientists regard as impossible, namely the generation of electric power as if one is drawing energy from nowhere.

Their invention harnesses the energy of a pulsed electrical discharge in what you might regard as a kind of lamp, a lamp which glows but feeds more electrical power back into its supply circuit than it draws with each pulsation. It is a quite incredible discovery, but yet it is a reality.

The technical field involved is that of electrodynamics, a subject which concerns the interaction of electric currents, and you will see that in Dr. Correa's introduction he couples my name with the formulation of a new law of electrodynamics that he had seen in my published work and which had, I am pleased to say, been a source of inspiration in helping to understand the mystery of what he and his wife Alexandra had discovered in their experiments.

So, for the benefit of physicists who might be shown this video, it is appropriate if I describe a little about the relevant historical background concerning electrodynamics and my efforts at a time before I had even heard of the Correas' research project.

Almost all of the technology of the electrical power industry is based on the discoveries of the 19th century. The basic laws of physics governing the subject were all developed in a span of three decades ranging from 1820 to 1850. Oersted, Ampère, Faraday, Neumann, Fechner and Weber are names of the key players involved.

Their formulations were based on interpreting experiments on how electric current flow in wire circuits interacted in communicating force and transferring energy. This was, of course, long before the discovery of the electron and its role as a current carrier in those wire circuits. The essential feature present in those experiments was that the current flow was always around a closed circuit and did not involve electric discharges across circuit gaps.

Once Oersted announced in 1820 that he had discovered how electric current flow in a wire circuit can interact with a magnet to produce a force, Ampère came immediately onto the scene by showing that flow of current in two parallel wires develops a force between them. Within 3 years, by 1823, Ampère had formulated a basic law of electrodynamics which satisfied all the empirical data known at the time but yet which needed to rely on one further assumption. That assumption, in declaring forces had to be in balance, precluded all possibility of there being any energy inflow from a source extraneous to the interacting circuits.

In effect, by that assumption, what the Correas have discovered experimentally was assumed to be impossible ab initio by Ampère in 1823.

Ampère's law was immediately accepted by his contemporaries. As one writer stated, in his book Early Electrodynamics published in 1965: "At the beginning of the year 1820 nothing was known of the magnetic action of an electric current. By 1826 the theory for steady currents had been completely worked out. Since then, though newer methods made have made the handling of the mathematical apparatus simpler and more concise, nothing fundamental has been changed."

Onward efforts immediately following that 1826 period arose from the interest in electromagnetic induction by Faraday and the work of Neumann and Fechner which inspired Weber to formulate a new law of electrodynamics that aimed to clarify the picture by linking that force with electrostatic interaction between electric charge and the Coulomb force law. This was pre-1850 and the subject saw little development in the 100 years which followed.

On the practical side, 'rules of thumb' were adopted once the notion of a magnetic field came into the picture, rules that apply only in a restricted sense, such as to the closed circuit interaction of current flow in wire, but rules which work, and work well. In testimony of this we have seen how our electrical power industry has grown and been successful, and I assure you that electrical design engineers never ever use Ampère's law or Weber's law in their work, even though they have confined their field of activity to the territory restricted by that assumption I have already mentioned.

Now, back in the mid 19th century period, we are told that Faraday had been fascinated by the way in which colourful electric discharges replace sparks as the pressure of gas is reduced in a vacuum tube carrying electric current. He discovered that the glow discharge moves towards the anode and recedes from the cathode to leave what came to be known as the 'Faraday dark space' - a sign that whatever was conveying the current was not part of a steady flow in the vicinity of that cathode. Here was current flow of a kind different from that in wires, the basis of Ampère's empirical formulation.

I read in that book I mentioned, Early Electrodynamics, in its chapter IV entitled 'The Critics', that Ampère's law had been called into question because it required closed circuit conditions, but yet a circuit could have an air gap that might affect the action. (I am thinking here of that vacuum tube of Faraday as a circuit component.) The book reports that Maxwell, in 1873 in his Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, discussed this very issue by noting: "It might be suggested that in the case of the current of discharge by a spark we might have a current forming an open finite line, but according to the views of this book even this case is that of a closed circuit."

Do keep in mind that in 1873 the electron had yet to be discovered, and there was no certain knowledge of what it was that carried electric current through those wires and certainly not across those spark gaps - and, more particularly, not in an electrical discharge through gas in a discharge tube such as the Correas were to use in their experiments. So here was a weakness in the way Maxwell had disposed of that closed circuit concern, especially in view of the 'Faraday dark space' phenomenon.

By 1876 there was talk of 'cathode rays' and by 1879 these were shown to be deflected by a magnet and assumed to be streams of negative particles, and were seen as resembling a procession of ions which were then emerging in the field of chemical electrolysis.

One can therefore begin to see that even back in 1879 the theory of electrodynamics needed to take account, not just of the interaction of current, but also of the inertial mass differences of the charge carriers conveying that current.

But what of Weber's modification of Ampère's law and that basic assumption which ruled out energy transfer extraneous to the interacting circuits? Here, the history of the subject is important and I draw attention to these two volumes that I have in front of me. They are by Sir Edmund Whittaker and are entitled History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity. In volume No. 1 on page 203 we are told that, concerning Weber's theory, which dates from 1846, the critics had denied that: " his law of force could be reconciled with the principle of conservation of energy."

So you see here the clear implication that tapping energy as if from nowhere is hidden in formulations of electrodynamic law. Whittaker declares in his book that he can see a way of avoiding that objection but only, as he puts it, to find "that a more serious one now presents itself". He finds that the occurrence of a negative sign before an energy term in the formula "implies that an electric charge behaves as if its mass were negative, so that in certain circumstances its velocity might increase indefinitely under the action of a force opposed to the motion."

Whittaker then moves on in his historical account with the simple statement: "Leaving this objection unanswered ..." and so we are left floating in a void with no version of a law of electrodynamics that links with Coulomb's Law and precludes anomalous energy activity. The field remains open for onward discovery. Can one then be surprised to hear that the Correas have now made that discovery?

This is the background to the subject of electrodynamics, a field in which I took an interest from the time of my own Ph.D. research years. I note that Whittaker's A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity was first published in 1910 and in its revised and enlarged edition in 1951, the latter being the text from which I have quoted. Whittaker was then an Honorary Research Fellow of Trinity College, in Cambridge in England, the venue of Sir Isaac Newton, and I was at Trinity College in that year 1951 pursuing my research project on a problem concerning anomalous magnetic energy phenomena. My research was telling me that the aether could not be ignored and it could react magnetically as if it were an independent source of electrical charge in motion.

That interest of mine was later to lead to a new formulation of the law of electrodynamics, guided by the then-reported experimental cathode reaction force anomalies found using cold cathode discharge devices, the point being that current flow around a closed circuit can comprise that of electrons in one circuit segment and that of heavy ions in another circuit segment. The law which I formulated avoided the assumption made by Ampère in favour of one which said that no two interacting current circuit elements can induce rotation by their sole interaction and incorporated the effect attributable to any difference in mass of the interacting charge carriers. It is the law which was published in a peer-reviewed periodical 33 years ago (1969) in the Journal of the Franklin Institute and the one which Paulo Correa refers to in the video presentation which now follows.

It allows energy to transfer by induction processes to and from the environment of the interacting circuit components and, along with certain other factors pertaining to the aether, helps in the understanding of why the Correa technology is successful in generating electrical power by tapping aether energy.

The message I stress is that our physics community still relies on an old-fashioned notion of electrodynamic theory that was not updated when we came to understand how electricity is really conveyed around circuits and across discharge gaps in those circuits, such as across the Faraday dark space region of a discharge tube. We know a great deal, but until we face up to answering that 'unanswered objection' raised by Sir Edmund Whittaker and deciphering the energy anomalies implicit in electrodynamic theory, helped along by the experimental findings of Paulo and Alexandra Correa, we live in ignorance of what might be possible in the future on the energy front. Our physics community must not ignore what the Correa evidence reveals.

Thank you for your attention.



Harold Aspden, Ph.D., FIEE, FIMechE, C.Eng, C.Phys
October 28, 2002


Dr. Aspden's websites: http://www.aspden.org, http://www.energyscience.org.uk

http://www.aetherometry.com/Labofex_Pla ... _intro.php

[Benevolent]

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O1FSpky-JXg