Lloyd wrote:EDM EROSION?
Dendritic PatternsI see the erosion of uplifted planation surfaces more in the way of a spark erosion but I would certainly not rule out dust devils in a highly electrified atmosphere.
http://c8.alamy.com/comp/D0P07B/inverted-dendritic-stream-channels-in-antoniadi-crater-seen-by-mars-D0P07B.jpgFrom the image in the above link, are we really seeing an “inverted dendritic stream channel”? I would suggest not. The pattern arose as a result of an electrical discharge the same process that carved dendritic patterns in newly formed mountain ranges on Earth.
Lloyd wrote:GRANITE OCCURRENCE
GraniteThe section quoted from Wikipedia simply states the popular simplistic view of the nature of granite, geologists know this is not the case, this is why it is promoted, it is harder to say “we don’t know”.
Granite
is associated with orogenic belts as we can see in these two maps: first rock distributions
https://www.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Ffile.PostFileLoader.html%3Fid%3D57077196dc332d55c33c1ee2%26assetKey%3DAS%253A348522395258880%25401460105622318&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpost%2FIs_there_any_world_distribution_map_of_granites&docid=zlRCHsuiWZ0fdM&tbnid=oDIp9kwwvmZ6kM%3A&vet=10ahUKEwips8Kdjp7UAhUJCcAKHeKqAnEQMwgyKA0wDQ..i&w=4860&h=3322&bih=916&biw=1176&q=granite%20global%20distribution&ved=0ahUKEwips8Kdjp7UAhUJCcAKHeKqAnEQMwgyKA0wDQ&iact=mrc&uact=8Click ‘view image’ for map.
Next, recognised orogenic belts assigned to imaginary time periods by geologists.
http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1367912014004416-gr1.jpg“I have implied that granite is in effect defined by its geological relations, yet no rock is perhaps so varied in its geology.
The thread which unifies the varied occurrences of granite is this: With trivial exceptions, granite is closely associated in time and space to mountain building and regional metamorphism in the so-called geosynclinals belts,
where great thicknesses of sedimentary rock accumulate.” (Walton, Matt: Granite Problems,
Science, 131:635, 1960)
But what of granite itself? “Rocks that were originally sandstones, limestones and slates have been found
mysteriously changed by nature into granite. This is a most surprising phenomenon, since geologists heretofore have classed granite as a type of igneous rock that developed from a molten mass of material formed at considerable distances below the earth’s surface.
“
Just how granite forms constitutes a major problem for geology. Three principle types of processes appear to be operative: magmatic, metamorphic, and metasomatic: these may act independently or in various combinations…A wide variety of sedimentary or igneous rocks may be changed into granite, in essentially the solid state, by the introduction of certain elements, such as alkalies and silica, and the removal of others, such as iron, magnesium, and calcium. This process of replacement or metasomatism is involved in granitization.” (Wyllie, Peter J.: Granite,
McGraw-Hill Encyclopaedia of Science and Technology, 1977)
Granite is the name given to a family of rock assemblages formed by modification of existing igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks by processes not completely understood, sometimes the modification can happen with the parent rock(s) in the ‘solid state’.
“Various lines of evidence were put forward in favour of in-situ granitization. Those listed by Walton include lack of dislocation of enclosing rocks to make room for the new granite; the presence of relics of pre-existing rocks with structure in alignment with that of the surrounding terrane; substitution of granite for a rock unit in a known sequence; and gradation of pre-existing rock into granite (Walton, 1960, p. 639).”
This observation casts doubt on the existence of ‘Precambrian’ granite- wherever it is found on the globe- how do we know ‘Precambrian’ granite did not form ‘recently’ through granitization?
Similarly an electrical origin of granite and tectonic uplift cannot be ruled out, indeed I consider this more likely as generally geologists do not consider electricity to be a rock forming/ altering agent.
Here is an image of electrically formed granite:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-GyNP5vrEatNzc1YTU0OWMtODM2YS00YWY0LWFkYTgtN2MzNzI4ODRiNTM0/view?authkey=CN2bqdUL&hl=en(Taken from: Steinbacher, Michael M.: A New Approach to Mountain Formation,
Proceedings of the NPA, 2011)
Robert Johnson has calculated the energy required to uplift the Andes mountain range some 3km:
“The Andes cover an area of approximately 3 x 10
6 km
2; they have been uplifted by between 2 and 4 km, say 3 km on average. The uplift has occurred in the form of a horst, i.e. as a block bounded by vertical faults. We may therefore consider that the uplift was due to thermal expansion of the crust directly under the uplifted area.
“One model assumes that uplift could be due to the 8% expansion of basalt on partial melting. To generate an uplift of 3 km over the Andes would require 37.5 km depth of basaltic crust to be partially melted under the entire range. Assuming, conservatively, that there was no initial heating from magma at depth and that the crust was initially at 20 degrees Celsius throughout, and taking the density of basalt as 2.7 x 10
3 kg/m
3 and the specific heat as 0.84 kJ/kg (Engineering Toolbox, 2014), the eutectic temperature of a typical basalt as 1,270 degrees Celsius and the latent heat of fusion as 506 kJ/kg (Kojitani and Akaogi, 1995), then the energy required to fully melt 37.5 km of basalt under the entire Andes is approximately 5 x 10
26 Joules or 5 x 10
33 erg.
“Based on this calculation, it is feasible that the postulated discharge currents could have contributed to tectonic uplift by thermal expansion.”
Partial melting of one percent of the parent rock can produce increases in electrical conductivity of up to two orders of magnitude, furthermore: “Electromigration may underlie the formation of new minerals and the change in element composition observed in fulgurite formation: lightning strikes commonly form fulgurites “through very rapid selective melting and fusion of pre-existing minerals within host rocks, or formation of new minerals …”
To conclude an electrical discharge could not only provide a mechanism to uplift large areas of the Earth’s surface but: “Granite could be formed by partial melting of existing strata along the line of discharge currents.”
Lloyd wrote:LOESS ORIGIN
Loess“One of the main problems for the origin of loess is that quartz in igneous and metamorphic rocks has a mean grain size of approximately 700 μm, while the main size of detrital quartz in 60 μm. The cut-off between sand and silt is 63 μm and most loess is in the range of 20 to 50 μm.
“So, the size of the quartz has to be reduced 90% from its source to account for the formation of loess. How does this happen?
“Four sources of loess have been proposed: (1) hot deserts, (2) cold deserts, (3) drowned sources covered by late-glacial sea level rise and (4) glacial grinding. All these sources raise questions. Hot and cold deserts do not produce significant quantities of loess. There are problems associated with the origin of loess from continental shelves, now underwater, since many loess belts are far inland from the sea.
“It had been assumed that the formation of loess was only by subglacial grinding. However, loess has been discovered in areas far from present or past glaciers or ice sheets, such as in northern Tunisia, northern Nigeria, Israel and Saudi Arabia. Minor amounts of loess have even been found in the Sahara Desert. Furthermore, experiments have shown that glacial grinding does not produce much silt. This deduction is reinforced by the observation that hardly any loess is produced by or deposited in front of present-day glaciers.
“So, there does not appear to be a viable source for the immense volume of loess.”
I am not suggesting that loess was not distributed by winds during a cataclysm, I believe it was. Windblown loess (dust) entombed many unsuspecting mammals during the latter stage of the cataclysm (
http://creation.com/woolly-mammoths-choked-by-dust).
“So, there does not appear to be a viable source for the immense volume of loess.” I propose that we do when we consider the graphic you supplied, we see that the vast deposits of loess are very closely associated with mountain ranges or areas of uplift. Eroded uplifted planation surfaces provided a source of quartz. The planation surfaces themselves had previously been inundated by immense tides and covered by freshly eroded sediment. This already abraded sediment was further abraded by electrical forces during the period of uplift supplying plenty of loess to be whipped up by winds.
Lloyd wrote:WORZEL ASH
Worzel Deep Sea Ashhttps://thunderbolts.info/tpod/2008/arch08/080128deepseaash.htmCompare the composition of the ash layer given in the link above with the worldwide average chemical composition of granite, by weight percent: SiO
2 — 72.04% (silica) Al
2O
3 — 14.42% (alumina) K
2O— 4.12% Na
2O — 3.69% CaO — 1.82% FeO — 1.68% Fe
2O
3 — 1.22% MgO — 0.71% TiO
2 — 0.30% P
2O
5 — 0.12% MnO — 0.05%. Based on 2485 analyses.
The Worzel Deep Sea Ash could very well be eroded granite- given that we have previously seen the vague definition of just what makes granite.