kodybatill wrote:
There is a lot more to it than this, but maybe it was helpful?
-Kody Tillotson
The Point is, that When Plasma is ionized, it starts to follow another rules, than those of "Kinetic gas theory".
This phase transition was not the main issue of this paper. The main issue was seeking the Planck's constant.
“The Theory of Heat Radiation” Revisited:
A Commentary on the Validity of Kirchhoff’s Law of Thermal Emission
and Max Planck’s Claim of Universality
Pierre-Marie Robitaille1
and Stephen J. Crothers2
1Department of Radiology, The Ohio State University, 395 W. 12th Ave, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
2Queensland, Australia
E-mails: robitaille.1@osu.edu, steve@plasmaresources.com
Affirming Kirchhoff’s Law of thermal emission, Max Planck conferred upon his own
equation and its constants, h and k, universal significance. All arbitrary cavities were
said to behave as blackbodies. They were thought to contain black, or normal radiation,
which depended only upon temperature and frequency of observation, irrespective of the
nature of the cavity walls. Today, laboratory blackbodies are specialized, heated devices
whose interior walls are lined with highly absorptive surfaces, such as graphite, soot, or
other sophisticated materials. Such evidence repeatedly calls into question Kirchhoff’s
Law, as nothing in the laboratory is independent of the nature of the walls. By focusing
on Max Planck’s classic text, “The Theory of Heat Radiation’, it can be demonstrated
that the German physicist was unable to properly justify Kirchhoff’s Law. At every turn,
he was confronted with the fact that materials possess frequency dependent reflectivity
and absorptivity, but he often chose to sidestep these realities. He used polarized light to
derive Kirchhoff’s Law, when it is well known that blackbody radiation is never polarized.
Through the use of an element, dσ, at the bounding surface between two media,
he reached the untenable position that arbitrary materials have the same reflective properties.
His Eq. 40 (ρ =ρ), constituted a dismissal of experimental reality. It is evident
that if one neglects reflection, then all cavities must be black. Unable to ensure that
perfectly reflecting cavities can be filled with black radiation, Planck inserted a minute
carbon particle, which he qualified as a “catalyst”. In fact, it was acting as a perfect
absorber, fully able to provide, on its own, the radiation sought. In 1858, Balfour Stewart
had outlined that the proper treatment of cavity radiation must include reflection.
Yet, Max Planck did not cite the Scottish scientist. He also did not correctly address
real materials, especially metals, from which reflectors would be constructed. These
shortcomings led to universality, an incorrect conclusion. Arbitrary cavities do not contain
black radiation. Kirchhoff’s formulation is invalid. As a direct consequence, the
constants h and k do not have fundamental meaning and along with “Planck length”,
“Planck time”, “Planck mass”, and “Planck temperature”, lose the privileged position
they once held in physics.
jacmac wrote:JouniJokela said:The Point is, that When Plasma is ionized, it starts to follow another rules, than those of "Kinetic gas theory".
And how is electric plasma different from plain old plasma ?
Jkac
kiwi wrote:Hi JouniThis phase transition was not the main issue of this paper. The main issue was seeking the Planck's constant.
Not sure of the impact , if any, it may have on your investigations but Plancks constant along with that of Boltzman and Stefans Law have been shown faulty in their application of universality .... and now considered to be unusable at any practical level.
I don't believe that these laws are Wrong though. But i easily agree that they are not universal.
We have no right to assume that any physical laws exist, or if they have existed up to now, that they will continue to exist in a similar manner in the future.
The New York Times, July 11, 1935"The theory of relativity he described as "a mass of error and deceptive ideas violently opposed to the teachings of great men of science of the past and even to common sense." "The Theory," he said "wraps all these errors and fallacies and clothes them in magnificent mathematical garb which fasinates, dazzles and makes people blind to the underlying errors."
The heliosphere, the tenuous outermost atmosphere of the Sun, is filled with the solar wind plasma. This outermost layer of the Sun is defined to begin at the distance where the flow of the solar wind becomes superalfvénic—that is, where the flow becomes faster than the speed of Alfvén waves,[90] at approximately 20 solar radii (0.1 AU).
JouniJokela wrote:Hey,
Does anyone have a good source for information on the Heat Capacities of plasma?
I have Something like this in mind;
https://physics.stackexchange.com/quest ... nstan?rq=1
Another keyword being "degrees of freedom", like;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulong%E2 ... ion_limits
Regs,
Jouni
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