MrAmsterdam wrote:My compliments to Michael Goodspeed. This is one sharply written essay.
comingfrom wrote: Tue Jan 12, 2016 7:23 pm
https://www.thunderbolts.info/wp/2016/0 ... es-deepen/
It has always been a mystery to me, why sometimes people don't fix their posts after posting.
Episode 3 Symbols of an Alien Sky: The Electric Comet documentary https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=34wtt2EUToo
JOIN US ON PATREON AND WATCH OUR INFLUENCE GROW: “Changing the world through understanding of the Electric Universe.” https://www.patreon.com/user?u=180095&ty=p
davesmith_au wrote:In contrast, a few plasma experimentalists working with virtual pocket change have delivered findings that can and should revolutionize comet science. ... [More...]
comingfrom wrote:.....a mystery to me, why sometimes people don't fix their posts after posting.
The explanation of episodes in the above linked post is woeful, and confusing, and made worse by the fact the links are not linked.
DonKress wrote:...Dave Talbott points out that in one video, projectiles are accelerating ahead of the bolide.
"The most fundamental problem in solar system research is still unsolved: how can the Sun with a surface temperature of only 5800 K heat up its atmosphere to more than a million K?
In fact, the solar atmosphere is so hot that not even the Sun’s enormous gravity can contain it.
Part of it is continuously evaporating [sic] into interplanetary space: the SOLAR WIND...
Outside the heliosphere there is a forty-fold increase in plasma density. There is also a radical reduction in the detection of certain types of particles from the Sun, and a large increase in Galactic cosmic rays.
This animation combines two ways of displaying the Voyager Plasma Wave Science (PWS) observations of ***electron plasma oscillations which provide the basis for concluding that the spacecraft is now in interstellar space. The graphic is called a spectrogram that shows the amplitude of waves (in which reds are the most intense and blues the least intense) as a function of frequency (vertical axis) and time (horizontal axis). In many respects, this spectrogram is like a voice print which shows the evolution of the spectrum of sounds as a function of time. The sound track reproduces the amplitude and frequency of the plasma waves observed. The vertical white bar that moves across the spectrogram links the sound track to the graphic.
"The frequency range shown from about 1.75 kiloHertz to 3.5 kiloHertz is a portion of the actual frequency range detected by PWS and is well within the audio frequency range. Importantly, the frequency is directly related to the number of electrons per unit volume in the vicinity of Voyager and corresponds to about 1 electron per 10 cubic centimeters or a cube about 1 inch on a side. The time scale for this presentation represents 225 days or a bit more than 7 months, while it only takes about 12 seconds to play the audio file. Hence, the time compression is about 1.6 million to one. It should be noted that this compression was done in such a way as to not change the frequencies."
"In this animation, there are two events of interest. In the October-November 2012 time frame there is a tone near 2.1 kHz which gradually increases in frequency. Again, in the April-May 2013 time frame there is another event, somewhat more intense and at a higher frequency near 2.6 kHz. We conclude that these two events indicate an ongoing trend to higher frequencies. The second graphic frame which appears in the animation includes a dashed line showing this increase in frequency and suggests that the density of electrons is continually increasing over this time interval as Voyager moves outwards from the heliopause"
The flow of the interstellar medium (ISM) into the heliosphere has been measured by at least 11 different spacecraft as of 2013. By 2013, it was suspected that the direction of the flow had changed over time.
"The 3D heliosphere in terms of the ’ballerina model’: On the basis of these early discoveries, a three dimensional model of the heliosphere and the stream-structured solar wind emerged.
It is most adequately visualized in terms of the ballerina model first proposed by H Alfven in 1977."
"In the outer heliosphere, the speed differences between fast and slow flows are wiped out, and the
heliospheric plasma expands at an ***average constant speed of 400 to 500 km per second.
A slowdown of the solar wind by action of the interstellar gas [sic] has not yet been noted.
"The spacecraft potential is floating relative to the ambient plasma potential (figure 1.1).
When a spacecraft potential is nonzero relative to that of the ambient plasma, the spacecraft is charged.
When the ambient electrons and ions are very energetic (Million electron Volts or higher), they can penetrate deep into dielectrics, which are nonconductors. This situation is called deep dielectric charging, or bulk charging. For a conducting material, an electron penetrating into it moves to the surface because of Coulomb repulsion. Therefore, for conductors, surface charging can occur, but deep conductor charging does not occur.
For dielectrics (insulators), both surface charging and deep dielectric charging can occur. Surface charging can occur in dielectrics if the incoming electrons are below about 70,000 electron Volts to 100,000 electron Volts in energy; deep dielectric charging can occur if they are of higher energy. There is no sharp demarcation line between the two charging regimes. In general, Million electron Volts electrons are responsible for deep dielectric charging, while electrons of energy in the 1000 electron Volts range are responsible for surface charging of dielectrics. The penetration depth depends on the electron energy and the material density.
If the incoming electrons or ions are of high energies (Million electron Volts or higher), they may be able to penetrate, pass through, or deposit inside materials. These high-energy electrons may stay inside nonconductors—i.e., dielectrics—for a long time. After a prolonged period of high-energy electron bombardment, the electrons inside may build up a high electric field. If the field is high enough, it may be sufficient to cause a local dielectric breakdown.
When a local breakdown occurs, ionization channels develop extremely rapidly inside the dielectric, allowing currents to flow, which in turn generate more ionization and heat.
As a result, internal instruments may be damaged. Fortunately, the densities of high-energy (Million electron Volts or higher) electrons and ions in space are low. Internal damage events are rare.
However, when they occur, they may, in extreme cases, cause the loss of spacecraft.
Interference with Scientific Measurements
Spacecraft charging may affect scientific measurements on spacecraft.
For example, when scientific measurements of space plasma properties such as the plasma density, mean energy, plasma distribution function, and electric fields are needed onboard, the measurements may be affected.
The effects on each of these measurements are explained here.
We first examine the basic mechanism of how a charged object disturbs the ambient plasma.
A charged spacecraft repels the plasma charges of the same sign and attracts those of the opposite sign ....
As a result, a plasma sheath is formed in which the density of the repelled species is lower than that of the attracted species. The plasma density inside the sheath is different from that outside. The plasma in a sheath is nonneutral.
"Very high energy (Million electron Volts or higher) and low flux electrons and ions are in the radiation belts.
Spacecraft normally avoid this region because the very high energy radiation (i.e., electrons and ions) may cause internal damage to electronic instruments onboard. The Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite (CRRES) flew through this region and collected some interesting data before it suddenly ceased functioning.
In this region, spacecraft surface charging is not an important issue, but deep dielectric charging is.
Surface charging occurs, but not to very high levels. Deep dielectric charging is due to the very high energy electrons and ions. They can penetrate into and deposit inside nonconducting materials, or even pass through thin insulations.
If they enter the electrical wires, they can disturb the circuits, causing anomalies in the electronics, telemetry, and computers. Charge accumulation inside dielectrics may build up a very high electric field, which, if high enough, may lead to a sudden big discharge or dielectric breakdown, damaging instruments onboard.
Very high energy electrons and ions also exist in the geosynchronous region, but with much less intensity and lower fluxes. During the passage of solar coronal mass ejection clouds, very high energy electrons and ions appear in the geosynchronous region and, of course, in the radiation belts.
sketch1946 wrote:Hi DonKress,
just speculating here.. I'm very open to anybody's constructive criticism, I'm just learning about all this stuff....
Does this seem possible?
When a bolide starts a fiery track through the atmosphere, this trail is plasma, right, fire is a type of plasma?
so it seems perfectly possible under the right conditions for the trail of plasma to initiate a lightning strike, since the charged upper atmosphere is supposed to have an abundant supply of positively charged particles... and is charged to 400,000 V+ under normal conditions, according to Feynman...
... when this track gets closer to the surface of the earth, the negatively charged earth and the positively charged comet strike an arc... then bang... a discharge all the way to the ground just like lightning, it would be lightningthe vortex in the middle electric-arcifies a huge burn on the ground....
In that video from Cheryubinsk, a mini version of this lightning strike to earth seems to be what happened? I wonder if there was any evidence of lightning on the ground?
In a much more energetic event like 'The Eye of the Sahara', .... it even has that trademark electric discharge crater right on the rim of one of the central rings....
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