The Bose-Einstein Condensate
Various typical changes occur in the physical characteristics of
material substances near 0°K. In a conductor, some of the electrons
change their phase so that they become, in effect,
positrons. An electron and this pseudo-positron then form
what are called “Cooper pairs,” bosons formed of two fermions,
in which the two 1/2 spins add up to spin 1, and both
must be in the same state governed by the same wave function.
(The members of a Cooper pair are separated by about 10-6 m,
thousands of times the distance between the ions in the conductor’s
lattice.) At even lower temperatures a true Bose-
Einstein Condensate (BEC) may be formed, which acts as a single
unit rather than as a collection of molecules. This permits
the special states in which superconductivity and superfluidity
occur. These are very energetic states, as their behavior demonstrates.
They are states in which negative (binding) energy has
overcome the tiny residual positive (freeing) energy, so that
they are all governed by the same wave function.
All this happens as we approach the zero-point. Order
increases, everything is bound closer together. Negative
(binding) energy becomes predominant. Everything seems
to settle in toward a BEC. (Here we might note a further difficulty
with the Standard Model and its Grand Unified
Theories [GUTs]. These assume that at higher and higher
energies the forces and particles lose their identity and unify.
However, the experimental evidence points exactly the other
way. Higher positive energies allow entities more degrees of
freedom to resonate in more and different modes, whereas at
lower energies they approach the BEC, in which the binding
(negative) energy is so strong that the parts lose every bit of
identity and must all be in the same state. This is emphasized
by the failure of the prediction made by every GUT
that the proton must be unstable. So far, no proton has ever
been observed to decay. Result: no GUTs.)
A BEC can only result from the total dominance of negative
(binding) energy over positive. Looked at that way, the
interface between negative and positive is not 0°K, but a few
degrees higher, perhaps around 2.7°K. In any case it is different
for different substances, and certain BEC characteristics
manifest themselves at much higher temperatures.
And at the zero-point, instead of no energy, there is suddenly
a flood of it. (Zero-Point [ZP] energy—hn/2 for each mode of
the vacuum electromagnetic field.) Why would this be, if there
is “nothing” beyond it? What generates this energy, where does
it come from, if it isn’t another “miracle”? [Big Bang theory
insists that the microwave background comes from the exact
other end of the energy spectrum, from a state of infinitely
high energy and temperature, created out of nothing: by a
“miracle.” We suggest that this is a violation of causality: infinite
temperatures can not be a “proximate cause” of an energy
field near 0°K. We suggest that the source of this energy should
be sought nearer at hand, at the adjacent “zero-point” with its
unlimited energy, and beyond, in negative territory. We will
later look at this in more detail.] Again, this is real energy, with
many measurable effects.
What becomes clear from all this is that the negative energy
sea of bosons (epos) called for by the equations must exist
in the form of a BEC. According to the equations and everything
we know, our reality is surrounded by and immersed in a vast, all
pervasive Bose-Einstein Condensate.
This is a rather startling conclusion. However, it is supported
not only by the equations of quantum mechanics, but by a
large and growing body of clear experimental evidence.
Bell’s Inequality and the now numerous proofs thereof
(Clauser and Shimony, 1978, Aspect et al., 1982) demonstrate
that our reality must be non-local, connected faster
than light. As Nick Herbert (1985) puts it, “A universe that
displays local phenomena built upon a non-local reality is the
only sort of world consistent with known facts and Bell’s
proof.” (Emphasis his.) Phase-entangled quantum objects
share information apparently instantaneously, no matter how
great their spatial separation.
Non-local or faster than light action also must be a property
of the electromagnetic field, according to a whole series
of experimental results starting with the Sherwin-Rawcliffe
experiment (1960) and continuing with those of the
Graneaus (1982, 1983, 1985, 1987, 1993) and Pappas (1983,
1990A, 1990B). These experiments all show that changes in
the electromagnetic field must propagate much faster than
light, apparently instantaneously, so that a moving charge
has no “left-behind potential hill.” Thus, changes in electromagnetic
potential must propagate apparently instantaneously
over any distance.
The same is true of gravitation, as was shown in the classical
Laplace demonstration based on the absence of any
change in the angular momentum of the earth’s orbit
(Laplace, 1966), and as has been repeatedly demonstrated by
Van Flandern (1993, 1996, 1998). He shows that even in a
static field, if gravitation propagated merely at light speed, it
would result in a “couple,” which would measurably
increase the earth’s angular momentum. This, of course,
does not happen. He further shows that General Relativity,
supposed to be a local theory, nonetheless assumes and
requires instantaneous changes in the “curvature of empty
space,” and so is non-local.
Therefore, both electromagnetism and gravitation act
non-locally. They also must be representative of the non-local
reality that Bell’s proof shows must contain the local effects
we normally experience.
However, there is one and apparently only one extended
structure that exhibits non-locality: the BEC. If you insert an
electron into one end of a BEC, however large, an electron
emerges from the other end faster than light can travel that
distance—this is the phenomenon of superconductivity. This
non-local action results from the fact that every constituent of
a BEC must be governed by the same wave function and every
part must be in the same state and therefore act as one.
Bell’s proof and the experimental facts of electromagnetism
and gravitation require a non-local reality. Dirac’s equation,
in requiring a universal BEC, provides just that.
Therefore all these proofs of non-locality amount to proofs
of a universal BEC, our one non-local extended structure. We
will later demonstrate that these non-local actions are not
literally instantaneous, but take the finite time t. This results
in clear, intuitive non-local models of electromagnetism and
gravitation which nonetheless act by direct contact, and thus
demonstrate causality.
We will show that this ends the centuries-long debate
between those who accept the evident action-at-a-distance
of gravitation and electromagnetism as unmediated and
acausal and those who insist on causality despite the appearances.
Accepting that we are imbedded in a universal BEC
gives the best possible answer to both. As we will see, it provides
physical but non-local models which nonetheless
demonstrate direct contact causality.
From what we know of BECs from those we have managed
to create in the laboratory, this BEC would be the
daddy of them all. It is composed all of negative-energy,
one-dimensional epos, all with identical negative energy
(but no “mass”). Each epo is charge condensed so that
each charge “sees” only its oppositely charged “pair” (as in
the Cooper pair). No unbalanced charges allowed, no positive
energy allowed, and the entire BEC described by a single
wave function.
How many times must nature describe this to us, before
we get the picture? We have looked at three equations, the
energy equation, Dirac’s equation, and this very simplest
quantum field, which we might call the “Zeroth Quantum
Field” (ZQF). Each of them seem to be describing this same
object, a universal BEC composed of unlimited numbers of
spin 0 neutral negative-energy bosons, which have to be
one-dimensional electron-positron pairs.
Of course, the BEC wasn’t well described in 1934, so it
is no mystery why Dirac didn’t see that this is what his
equation calls for. Only in the light of more recent findings
is it evident that Dirac’s “sea” must be a BEC. For, of
course, it fills the crucial needs of Dirac’s sea—it is “full,”
so that no positive energy particle can “fall in” unless it
first loses all its positive energy, and then only if a balancing
antiparticle similarly divests itself. Further, it has no
“mass,” hence no inertia or gravitational interaction, so it
is virtually undetectable. [Haisch and Rueda (1997) insist
that negative “mass” is impossible, since “mass” is a result
of the action of the ZPF on polarizable entities. Since this
would not include negative-energy epos in a BEC, they are
quite correct. They don’t have “mass.” Negative energy is
quite a different thing.] And as we will see, it is the source
of the unlimited polarized electron-positron pairs that the
Dirac equation requires, and experiment shows, to be surrounding
every “bare” charge.
The equations call for a negative-energy BEC that fills all
space, but nearly undetectably. The BEC, as these equations outline it, is not perhaps an
organism, but it is an energetic machine. Overall, it is completely
ordered, covered by a single wave function. But in
detail, it is a hive of activity, full of charges going at the
speed of light. Its frantically gyrating epos fill every cranny
in every dimension of the negative energy realm. However,
the close quarters and random configurations must frequently
put electron adjacent to electron in positions that
generate considerable amounts of positive energy. (Like
charges repel, which is positive energy.) The BEC can’t stand
positive energy. It must get rid of it.
The BECs we can generate, at temperatures near 0°K, need
fierce refrigeration to maintain their integrity. The Big BEC is
somewhere below zero. How is it refrigerated? Where do its
waste products go? Where does the BEC take out the
garbage, and where is its garbage pile?
I suggest that we are sitting in it. We seem to be, to put it
bluntly, BEC excrement.
The BEC must generate positive energy in great quantities.
All of its dimensions are full, even if it could accommodate
the stuff. It has to get rid of it. So it is no coincidence that
“our reality” has a large positive energy balance. We are the
BEC’s dump. (Literally, its “heat dump.”)
We have seen that the effective boundary between the positive
and negative energy realms is several degrees above
absolute, as BECs, superconductivity, and superfluidity all
begin to happen there. Mercury becomes a superconductor at
4.1°K. An “ideal gas” will form a condensate at 3.1°K. However,
for real substances, because of interactions between the molecules,
the figure is somewhat lower. (The critical temperature
for helium liquid is 2.2°K.) This would seem to put the boundary
right around 2.7°K, or at least too close to this figure to be
coincidence. We would expect the number of photons
“dumped” from the BEC to peak there, falling off randomly on
either side of this peak to form a “black body” spectrum peaking
at this temperature. This would seem to be the most probable
explanation for some or all of the “microwave background.”
In any case, this vast number of photons seems much
more likely to come from the negative territory adjacent to it,
than from a Bang at the complete other end of the spectrum.
(The infinite temperatures of a Bang can not be the “proximate
cause” of an energy field near absolute zero.)
Why would the numbers of photons peak at this tempera-
ture, instead of increasing all the way down to zero? This is
because, if the boundary between positive and negative is
2.7°K, photons with less energy than this would randomly
drop back into the condensate and out of “our reality”—the
less positive energy, the faster they would drop, forming the
lower curve of the black body.
If our positive energy reality is indeed made of “exhaust”
from the BEC, then everything must be made of electrons
and positrons, as that is all the BEC has to offer. However,
“pair production,” one epo at a time splitting into electron
and positron, leaves no net positive energy balance, as equal
numbers of them must sink back into the sea. The BEC must
have some other means of permanently expelling the large
amounts of positive energy that make up our reality.
http://openseti.org/Docs/HotsonPart1.pdf
http://openseti.org/Docs/HotsonPart2.pdf
