Help Us Explain Crater Formation!

Historic planetary instability and catastrophe. Evidence for electrical scarring on planets and moons. Electrical events in today's solar system. Electric Earth.

Moderators: MGmirkin, bboyer

Locked
Lloyd
Posts: 4433
Joined: Fri Apr 04, 2008 2:54 pm

Re: Help Us Explain Crater Formation!

Unread post by Lloyd » Mon Mar 28, 2011 9:35 am

* There doesn't seem to be much ejecta around any of those craters, so they may have formed electrically, or the ejecta were blown away or melted into the terrain. Or the terrain is so tight, that ejecta isn't produced.
* The last image seems to be two craters in one. The first image looks most like an impact from an oblique angle, but it's missing ejecta, I think.
* The Carolina Bays are among the best examples of elongated craters on Earth, though I heard there are similar ones in other parts of Earth.

Lloyd
Posts: 4433
Joined: Fri Apr 04, 2008 2:54 pm

Re: Help Us Explain Crater Formation!

Unread post by Lloyd » Mon Apr 18, 2011 9:45 am

Crater Experiment Image
* Here's an image from an old crater experiment video that someone sent me today. I think he told me before that the experiment involved shooting a bullet into some material, to see if it conformed to normal craters. But he hasn't provided any more details yet. I'm hoping he will reply soon.
* The rim seems to be raised as in normal craters. And there may be scalloping on the right part of the rim. It even seems to be a bit hexagonal. I think high velocity impacts may produce electrical effects, by partial ionization via air friction and friction of the impact.
Image
* I also just found this image on the internet.
Image
* A 10-cm-sized laboratory hypervelocity impact crater - sciencemag.org

Lloyd
Posts: 4433
Joined: Fri Apr 04, 2008 2:54 pm

Re: Help Us Explain Crater Formation!

Unread post by Lloyd » Mon Apr 18, 2011 1:44 pm

Conventional Crater Formation Theory
* This is for reference. It comes from http://www.mnh.si.edu/earth/text/5_3_2_0.html.
In and Around the Crater
- The compressed rocks rebound immediately, causing an explosion that blasts out huge quantities of material. Much of this debris falls back to Earth around and in the crater.
- The shock wave pulverizes surrounding rock, and the incredible pressure creates distinctive new minerals.
- In a hypervelocity collision, the heat is so intense that it completely melts rocks at and near the point of impact. That molten rock turns solid again and becomes glass.
Beneath the Crater
- The shock wave also generates distinctive fracture patterns known as shattercones beneath the crater. The cones point toward the impact site and are mainly visible in deeply eroded Earth craters.
- When the melt turns solid again, it forms a black rock called pseudotachylite.
- The intense shock wave radiating from the point of impact crushes the rock below the crater and generates friction between the broken fragments. This friction melts part of the rock.
Far From the Crater
- Some large impacts squirt molten droplets of target rock into the atmosphere—and sometimes even above it. These droplets can land thousands of kilometers from the impact site, sprinkling vast areas of the Earth, known as strewn fields, with chunks of glass called tektites. Microtektites—much smaller bits of glass—shower even larger areas.
- Giant layered tektites fall near impact site.
- Splash-form tektites have droplet or splash-droplet shapes.
- Flanged tektites shoot above atmosphere and remelt at reentry, taking on aerodynamic shapes.

Lloyd
Posts: 4433
Joined: Fri Apr 04, 2008 2:54 pm

Re: Help Us Explain Crater Formation!

Unread post by Lloyd » Mon Apr 18, 2011 2:53 pm

Impacts Produce Plasma & Electricity
* This seems to be an important paper; it shows that crater formation involves plasma & electrical effects, even with bolide impacts: http://www.osti.gov/bridge/purl.cover.j ... ebviewable. The more massive or fast-moving the impactor is, the more plasma and electrical effects are produced by impact.
The net charge liberated from an impact is zero, but, over the range of experimental conditions, the magnitude of the positive or negative charge carriers (Q) was found to have an approximate linear dependence on mass (m) and to have a strong dependence on impact velocity (v):
Q = 9e-9 m^(0.9+-0.15) v^(2.75+-0.4) C (SI units) (1)
The negative potential of the early time data in Figure (2b) and the positive charge of the ejecta landing on the plates at late time are consistent with early ejecta acquiring a negative charge and leaving behind a residual positive charge in the plasma, the transient cavity and material ejected at late time.
In addition to plasma, a typical hypervelocity impact will produce melt and fragmental debris. Because electrons are much more mobile than ions, any debris in contact with plasma will typically acquire a negative charge. Inertial separation of the materials could then lead to separation of charge over macroscopic distances. This process, similar to static electrification that occurs in thunderclouds, can lead to substantial electric fields that are surprisingly easy to measure in the laboratory.
* The next image shows that negative charge tends to be blasted away with the ejecta of an impactor, while the plasma left behind attains positive charge. The object labeled PLASMA is the impactor, whose surface is plasma of undetermined depth.
Image
Fig. 5. Possible configuration of charge that explains the data.
Table 2. Electromagnetic properties of representative impacts.
t (sec.) E (Volts/m) I (Amps) B (Tesla) [e means "10 to the power of"]
1) Laboratory 2e-3; 8e5; 4e-3; e-9
2) Leonid Meteoroid 3e-4; e5; 0.02; e-8
3) Small Meteoroid 4e-3; 2e9; 180; e-5
4) 1 km Asteroid 100; 4e12; 2e10; 0.03
In the presence of 10 V/m electric fields, sub-micron dust grains, with just a few excess electrons of charge, will acquire accelerations of several km/s2. Perhaps electrostatically-driven dust transport may occur during impacts on airless bodies.
It has been known since Apollo that the Moon possesses a patchy remnant magnetism associated predominantly with heavily cratered terrain [8].
We suggest that macroscopic charge separation and subsequent magnetic field production during hypervelocity impact may play an important role in understanding the lunar magnetic record.
We estimate that a 1-5 kg meteoroid impacting the lunar surface at 15 km/s would, in the process of making a 3-m crater, produce a several thousand nanotesla field for 4-8 milliseconds (Example 3 in Table 2), long enough for small beads of impact melt to acquire a permanent magnetic remanence.

Lloyd
Posts: 4433
Joined: Fri Apr 04, 2008 2:54 pm

Re: Help Us Explain Crater Formation!

Unread post by Lloyd » Mon Apr 18, 2011 4:41 pm

Crater Experiment Repost
* I'm reposting this image, because I now have a little more explanation to go with it from the owner. It looks like I was mistaken, when I said earlier that I thought the impact was from a bullet fired into material. It seems now it was a ball of cement that fell into powdered cement.
Image
The owner said: I have some video which was transferred from a 16 mm film home movie showing an experiment demonstrating impact crater formation. My father made it along with his mentor (Dr William Rhodes) while he was working on a degree back in the mid '50's. A base of dry cement powder, such as Portland Cement straight out of the bag, un-compacted, was used as the target. I don't know the thickness [probably 2 to] 6 inches deep. A ball bearing was heated and used to melt two spherical halves in two wax rods which were then used to scoop some dry cement powder into an un-compacted ball. The wax mold was two separate hemispheres, which were gently pushed together while scooping the powder into them. Placing the mold on the platform and gently pulling apart the two halves left the spheroid of powder that we see. You can see a Still where the ball of uncompacted cement powder is sitting on a platform, then falling by gravity when the platform is suddenly removed using parts of a mouse trap in the design and some kind of electrical trigger to snap the platform out of the way. The idea being that the two bodies have the same composition and density and gravity as the accelerating force. I would estimate the length of fall to be around 4 to 6 feet. The impact was filmed at 5000 frames per second and is very mesmerizing to watch with ejecta continuing to fall in slow motion for maybe a minute. You can even see the ejecta body falling which created the secondary crater, which looks much more circular in shape to me than the main crater does. I made a transfer of all of my dad's 16 mm movies onto one VHS tape using his original 1950 movie projector and a home VHS camera back in the '80's. The projector has a variable speed knob which I used to lessen the flicker. I will attempt to copy the VHS to CD, then send it on.

User avatar
biknewb
Posts: 59
Joined: Tue Mar 18, 2008 7:27 am
Location: Netherlands

Re: Help Us Explain Crater Formation!

Unread post by biknewb » Wed Apr 27, 2011 1:26 pm

Years ago I read about experiments like this one. An "impactor" of powdery substance - like cement or flour - was dropped in a layer of the same or another powdery substance, resulting in a crater, complete with a rim and ejecta.
The flat floor gives the impression of a faithful reproduction of a lunar crater, but is probably caused by the solid base under the layer of powder.

The experiment likely was inspired by the idea of asteroids being loose conglomerates of rubble and dust.

It did not convince me then (which must be obvious from the above ;) )


Lloyd
Posts: 4433
Joined: Fri Apr 04, 2008 2:54 pm

Re: Help Us Explain Crater Formation!

Unread post by Lloyd » Thu Apr 28, 2011 4:59 pm

* William has now uploaded his Dad's video of the crater experiment to http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=askWCfw1-mw. The more interesting parts of the video are toward the end, because most of the rest is a bit dark.

User avatar
Shelgeyr
Posts: 178
Joined: Tue Oct 14, 2008 1:36 pm
Location: Texas

Re: Help Us Explain Crater Formation!

Unread post by Shelgeyr » Sat Apr 30, 2011 3:02 pm

I surfed across this picture of a small crater in Russia today:

http://www.panoramio.com/photo/10442798
Shelgeyr
Sometimes I feel like a tiger’s got my leg...

platyhelminth
Posts: 31
Joined: Tue May 17, 2011 5:52 am

Re: Help Us Explain Crater Formation!

Unread post by platyhelminth » Sat May 21, 2011 2:54 pm

Craters are circular anticlines. see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticline .
The magma is (or was) pushing under the crust creating a multi-floor pattern and thinning down of the crust. On earth the phenomenon is well known for mid-ocean rifts and continental rifts. The difference between anticlines and rifts is that the magma reached the surface for rifts, but not for anticlines.

Anticlines : http://dnr.louisiana.gov/assets/TAD/edu ... icline.gif
Image

Rifts : http://slohs.slcusd.org/pages/teachers/ ... tOcean.jpg
Image

Watch the pattern when the rift is still on the continent crust, It is a multi-floor pattern. We see parallel and superposing cliffs surrounding the central rift.
Somes examples of rifts on earth are :
_ the red sea rift : http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&ll=27.9 ... 5&t=p&z=10
_ the east african rift : http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&ll=-7.5 ... 5&t=p&z=10 and http://geology.com/articles/east-africa ... ps-400.jpg
Rift can give birth to new oceans and to continental drift.

On earth the sea floor is made by this rift system. And it is the case on other planets too. On moon the basalt sea floor is called mare and most craters are circular anticlines explaining the plentifull of concentric craters. The most spectacular of the moon is the mare Orientale, this mare is inside the "moon's far side" high land. Like the opening of the red sea and the east african rift, the mare oriental has a multi floor pattern : http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0211/ma ... er4_c1.jpg
Image
google map : http://www.google.com/moon/#lat=-19.062 ... =5&apollo=

Also, now knowing the geological nature of craters we can easily explain why some are aligned. like the richat structure: http://www.saharamet.com/expedition/2003/impacts.jpg
Image

This is similar to pacific's aligned vulcanos :
http://www.greenscreen.org/articles_jr/ ... slands.jpg
Image

http://www.accuracyingenesis.com/mapchain.jpg
Image
The vulcano archipelago leading to haiwaii is clearly seen in google map: http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source= ... 72&t=h&z=4
They are built by a geological "hot spot" pushing magna in that part of the globe. But due to the slow plate movements and continental drift, these hot spots can errupt in other part of the crust over time. New eruption zones are aligned with the older ones (or at least aligned with the crust movement vector in tectonic)

The Definitive proof is that in Richat structure , the different craters are not of the same age. As shown here : http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=8536 . Just like hawaii is the youngest of the aligned vulcanos (and midway is older, for example)


Finaly, the aligned craters forming together a fault is seen in the east african rift : see http://www.geologyrocks.co.uk/forum/geo ... ift_system
earth's east african rift : http://www.spiegel.de/img/0,1020,587777,00.jpg
Image

other planet : http://para-az.com/isocraters.html
Image

The analogy with Electric Discharge Machining made by David Talbott and Wallace Thornhill here : http://thunderbolts.info/tpod/2006/arch ... crater.htm is just an analogy. In geology, this pattern is explained by under-earth magma pushing the upper crust. The Electric Discharge Machining is probably triggering the same upper crust pushing in industrial metals. There is no certainty this magma pushing is powered electricaly for geological rifts.
Nevertheless, geological theories are in need of energy:
Plate tectonics (mainstram) needs energy to power the convection in the mantle responsible of crust's plate movements. Current model bet on radioactive decay (and this is doubtful)
Expanding earth model needs a way to empower the matter creation process. The exponential sea spreading is curently in favor for expansion http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/ ... ct/5/5/313 . we talk about it here : http://thunderbolts.info/wp/forum/phpBB3/v ... 735#p51940
So ...
We will see if it is empirism versus dogmatism OR if it is just another battle between different dogmas.

User avatar
davesmith_au
Site Admin
Posts: 840
Joined: Thu Mar 13, 2008 7:29 pm
Location: Adelaide, the great land of Oz
Contact:

Re: Help Us Explain Crater Formation!

Unread post by davesmith_au » Sat May 21, 2011 4:54 pm

platyhelminth wrote:The analogy with Electric Discharge Machining made by David Talbott and Wallace Thornhill here ... is just an analogy. In geology, this pattern is explained by under-earth magma pushing the upper crust. The Electric Discharge Machining is probably triggering the same upper crust pushing in industrial metals. There is no certainty this magma pushing is powered electricaly for geological rifts.
And your idea is an interesting idea ... just an interesting idea. However it fails miserably to explain the surfaces of small bodies which are heavily cratered.

Comet Wild 2:
Comet Wild 2 original image credit Stardust/JPL/NASA
Comet Wild 2 original image credit Stardust/JPL/NASA
Phobos:
Phobos original image credit ESA/DLR/FU Berlin (G. Neukum)
Phobos original image credit ESA/DLR/FU Berlin (G. Neukum)
On such small bodies lacking in magma, how do you account for these and the many many like them?

Cheers, Dave.
"Those who fail to think outside the square will always be confined within it" - Dave Smith 2007
Please visit PlasmaResources
Please visit Thunderblogs
Please visit ColumbiaDisaster

platyhelminth
Posts: 31
Joined: Tue May 17, 2011 5:52 am

Re: Help Us Explain Crater Formation!

Unread post by platyhelminth » Sat May 21, 2011 5:04 pm

davesmith_au wrote:On such small bodies lacking in magma, how do you account for these and the many many like them?
Yes it has to have some kind of movement, no matter how fluid is your asteroid. We know clearly that rocks can act as fluids . anticlines are an example of rock fluidity, the upper layers (not magma!) are distorted by the pressure from inside : http://www.fas.org/irp/imint/docs/rst/S ... ig2_29.jpg
Image

May be your electricity heats up the rock inside enough to make pressure on the asteroid crust. Just like earth's craters.
Thats the best explaination. You solve the power behind tectonics on earth if you can prove electricity can do this on asteroids.
For the non-mainstream expanding earth model, matter creation must happen somehow in the asteroid.

Craters (particularly those with concentric circles) are not due to exterior pressure, but to internal pressure as I explained before. Even if electricity come from out-side, it must act in the interior.

Other proofs that earth's craters are clearly linked to anticlines and the rift system is the parallel faults often found on them.
Aorounga Crater, Chad : http://boojum.as.arizona.edu/~jill/NS10 ... aoro01.jpg
Image
in Google map we can see the vulcanic nature of the region surrounding this crater (particularly the north-west) : http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source= ... 63&t=h&z=9

Faya crater, Chad http://www.b14643.de/Sahara/Doming-Craters/Faya.jpg
Image

Ouarkziz crater, Algeria http://www.passc.net/EarthImpactDatabas ... uar001.jpg
Image
We see clearly a big rift running straight in the crater. in google map we can clearly see that this crater is part of a rift system : http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source= ... 9&t=h&z=12

All this is similar to the famous east african rift. google map http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source= ... 9&t=h&z=12 .
Also : http://www.swisseduc.ch/stromboli/perm/ ... ja_082.jpg
Image
So ...
We will see if it is empirism versus dogmatism OR if it is just another battle between different dogmas.

Lloyd
Posts: 4433
Joined: Fri Apr 04, 2008 2:54 pm

Re: Help Us Explain Crater Formation!

Unread post by Lloyd » Sat May 21, 2011 5:40 pm

* Platy, have you read up on the TPODs on craters at http://thunderbolts.info/tpod/00subjectx.htm#Craters, such as Aorounga? There are lots of anomalies with most such craters. I doubt that the parallel markings on Aorounga are faults.
* Have you read the list of crater anomalies at an early post on this thread at http://thunderbolts.info/wp/forum/phpBB3/v ... t=0#p45338? Anyway, here's the list without the comments from that post.
CRATER ANOMALIES
* The Mar 06, 2006 TPOD, "Man in the Moon" at http://thunderbolts.info/tpod/2006/arch ... 05moon.htm, has this list of crater anomalies, which are said not to be explained by impact theory, but are by E.D. Theory.
1- Lack of debris ........... Adjacent craters lack debris expected from near-ground explosions.
2- No overlap ................ Larger craters do not overlap smaller craters.
3- Minimal disturbance .. There's minimal disturbance where one crater cuts into another
4- Undisturbed basement .. Shattered basement rock is not found
5- Rim craters ............... Many secondary craters occur on rims of larger craters.
6- Rim crater chains .... Chains of small craters occur on rims of larger craters.
7- Tangential rays ......... Rays of "ejecta" are often tangential to crater rims, as if ejected from rims.
8- Concentric rings ....... Many craters have concentric rings.
9- Terraced walls .......... There is unexpected terracing of large crater walls, with melted floors of some terraces.
10- Flat floors ................. Crater floors are flat-bottomed and melted instead of dish-shaped as from impact blast. 11- 11- Crater lines .............. Many craters are in pairs or straight line chains.
12- Steep walls ............... Crater walls are steep, instead of shallow dish-shaped.
13- Circular shape .......... Craters of all sizes are remarkably circular. Oblique impacts should form oval craters.
14- Associated rilles ....... Craters often adjoin cleanly cut gouges and rilles.
15- Cratered asteroids & comets.
* Anticlines are unlikely to explain most round and hexagonal craters, especially on moons, Mars, Mercury etc, as anticlines should have irregular shapes.

platyhelminth
Posts: 31
Joined: Tue May 17, 2011 5:52 am

Re: Help Us Explain Crater Formation!

Unread post by platyhelminth » Sat May 21, 2011 9:37 pm

1- Lack of debris & 2- No overlap & 4- Undisturbed basement
Anticlines and rifts are not impacts. there is no debris, no Shattered basement rock
3- Minimal disturbance
Anticlines are relatively slow, thus making minimal disturbance.
5- Rim craters
the magma (or rocks under the crater) is continuing to make pressure on a close crust spot. Thus leading to the opening of other craters. Ultimatly, for planets, if the pressure of magma is continued for a long time it may lead to basalt sea floor like on moon's mare, earth's south hemisphere+pacific and mars's north hemisphere.
6- Rim crater chains & 11- Crater lines
For the same reason vulcanos follow a chain on earth (except that for Anticlines magma has not reached the surface). The chain follow a sismic line. In the cases of moon's mare (and earth seas) we can see rilles or rifts.
http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Imgs/Gif/Indo ... canoes.gif
7- Tangential rays
Yes, just like the photograph I posted in my previous post with the fractured vulcanos in the east african rift: http://www.swisseduc.ch/stromboli/perm/ ... .html?id=6
8- Concentric rings
the magma (or rocks under the crater) is continuing to make pressure on the exact same crust spot for a long geological time with the same intensity during time. Thus leadind to regular concentric lines like the mare orientale (but mare orientale is a bad example since the lava reached the surface, thus it can no longer be called a circular Anticlines, it is a rift system)
in a Anticlines, the center is either a dome (if the layer of rock in center has not cracked) either a small crater (if the layer of rock in center had cracked) either flat.
9- Terraced walls & 10- Flat floors
Yes, that is basalt sea spreading for the rift system. Anticlines http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/c ... PSF%29.png , important to add it earth has many linear (non-circular) Anticlines.
12- Steep walls
Rift system and Anticlines lead to cliffs formation as I said in previous posts.
13- Circular shape
Anticlines are not impact. They are cicular for the same reason vulcanos are circular, the only different is that Anticlines have not emited magma (and may never erupt, they are just structures due to the internal pressure)
14- Associated rilles
Yes, they are linked to the rift system. Anticlines are basicaly the same.
15- Cratered asteroids & comets
I already emited an hypothesis previously.
Lloyd wrote:* Anticlines are unlikely to explain most round and hexagonal craters, especially on moons, Mars, Mercury etc, as anticlines should have irregular shapes.
Strangely, it seems false. I didn't even know it before today (I just searched in google after you posted). Fluid dynamic and geological movement can lead to hexagonal shapes. It is the Rayleigh–Bénard convection http://www.google.com/search?q=Rayleigh+Benard . Here is various references I found about it (during my fast research):
http://bowfell.geol.ucl.ac.uk/~lidunka/ ... n/Heat.htm
http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/outreach/e ... Cells.html
http://home.arcor.de/dreamlike/PRE_046313_v67_2003.pdf
You will probably be able to find more. I did not read everything.
Lloyd wrote:such as Aorounga? There are lots of anomalies with most such craters. I doubt that the parallel markings on Aorounga are faults.
The terrain map reveal a sort of "large rift" (with parallel cliffs) : http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&ll=18.5 ... 61&t=p&z=8
In The geological map http://www.fdi.net/documents/WorldBank/ ... s/Geol.pdf we see clearly that the "large rift" (parallel cliffs) are in fact parallel layers of different dates (relatively old, the different layers are organized by chronological order. This can be a Anticline pattern as I explain here http://img709.imageshack.us/i/geolchad.jpg ).
The north east of Aorounga is a very recent cenezoic volcanic activity. Aorounga is clearly at the margin between the recent Cenezoic vulcanos and the old devonian cliffs. The parallel small crack lines present in Aorounga are caused by the very recent vulcanic activity. This place is cracking because of the pushing of recent vulcanism.

I edited the geological map to schematize what I think about this region. See http://img709.imageshack.us/i/geolchad.jpg .
http://thunderbolts.info/tpod/00subjectx.htm#Craters wrote:Because a mineral sample’s age depends on that sample existing today exactly as when it was initially formed, if it has been affected by radioactivity, or heat, or a blast or electricity, any measurement of its age will be inaccurate. Therefore, if a multi-billion joule electric discharge, sufficient to excavate a crater 19 miles in diameter were to strike the earth, the gamma and x-ray pulses would drastically alter the decay rate, the isotopic ratios and, perhaps, form new elements within the rocks.
Then why the geological map show a pattern so easily interpretable ? with layers carefully present in chronological order ?
Radioactive decay is also very reliable (considering the radio-element input of the past was the same or similar). Only a nuclear chain reaction of these radioelement could affect it (usualy impossible with nature's concentration).

That is sad no geologist is associated with EU theorists. Some theories have realy multi-disciplinay implications. I am just an amateur geologist with a scientific background in another field.
So ...
We will see if it is empirism versus dogmatism OR if it is just another battle between different dogmas.

Lloyd
Posts: 4433
Joined: Fri Apr 04, 2008 2:54 pm

Re: Help Us Explain Crater Formation!

Unread post by Lloyd » Sun May 22, 2011 6:39 am

Platy said: That is sad no geologist is associated with EU theorists.
* There are several geologists associated with EU. EU is a result of interdisciplinary collaboration. If your conclusions were correct, I'm sure our geologists would have noticed the same thing long ago.
* Numerous TPODs point out evidence that conventional dating methods, including all radioactive decay methods, are extremely inaccurate. C14 is the most accurate, but can be centuries off too.

Locked

Who is online

Users browsing this forum: No registered users and 10 guests