Neutron-Iron Sun

[Lloyd]

* Oliver Manuel just sent me this paper at http://myprofile.cos.com/manuelo09 and welcomes anyone to share it with others. So here it is. His ideas about supernovae and neutron stars seem unlikely, but the neutron star idea seems possible and might be compatible with EU theory. At any rate, the data here may be useful. Quotes begin now.

Measurements* on the masses (nuclear packing fractions) of all 3000 stable and radioactive atoms and on their abundances in the solar wind, in solar flares, in the Earth, the Moon, Mars, Jupiter and in meteorites reveal that:

a. Repulsive interactions between neutrons in the solar core cause neutron-emission, neutron-decay, and partial fusion of the decay product to generate solar luminosity and the observed outpouring of solar neutrinos and solar-wind Hydrogen from the solar surface:
http://www.omatumr.com/Data/2000Data.htm

b. The Sun is a magnetic plasma diffuser that selectively moves lightweight elements like Hydrogen and Helium and lightweight isotopes of each element into the photosphere. These lightweight atoms cover the neutron-rich cores and iron-rich interiors of ordinary stars and fill interstellar space with H and He, just as electrons fill atomic space.
http://www.omatumr.com/images/Fig2.htm

c. A local supernova (SN) explosion [? years] ago gave birth to the Solar System and its elements: http://www.omatumr.com/Origin.htm

d. Combined U-Pb and Pu-Xe age shows that the SN explosion occurred five (5) billion years ago: http://www.omatumr.com/Data/1994Data.htm

e. The Sun, the Earth, the other planets, and meteorites formed directly from fresh SN debris: i) Iron meteorites and the iron cores of the terrestrial planets formed from material orbiting nearby; ii) Silicates formed further from the Sun; iii) Light elements (H, He, C, N) from the SN envelope formed the giant gaseous planets; and iv) The Sun formed on the remnant neutron star:
http://www.omatumr.com/Photographs/Suns_core.htm

f. The most abundant elements in the Sun are the same ones that are most abundant in ordinary meteorites and rocky planets: Iron (Fe), Oxygen (O), Nickel (Ni), Silicon (Si) and Sulfur (S).

g. Solar neutrinos do not oscillate away before reaching detectors! Measurements of double-beta decay rates confirm that the conservation laws of nature remain valid over the longest measurable time scale (~10^24 years for double beta-decay of tellurium-128).

h. Solar cycles and changes in Earth's climate are induced by interaction of the Sun's dense, energetic neutron core with the planets as they move in ever-changing orbits and jerk the Sun, like a yo-yo on a string, about the center-of-mass-of the Solar System.

Key findings are available in the following papers and hyper-links:

1. "Noble gases in the Fayetteville meteorite,"
Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 31, 2413-2431 (1967).
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1967GeCoA..31.2413M

2. "Mass fractionation and isotope anomalies in neon and xenon,"
Nature 227, 1113-1116 (1970); doi:10.1038/2271113a0
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v2 ... 113a0.html

3. "The xenon record of extinct radioactivities in the Earth,"
Science 174, 1334-1336 (1971); 10.1126/science.174.4016.1334
http://www.omatumr.com/archive/XenonRecord.pdf
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/a ... /4016/1334

4. "The role of isotopic mass fractionation in the production
of noble gas anomalies in lunar fines from the Apollo 15 mission",
Proceedings of the 3rd Lunar Science Conference, vol. 2, 1927-1945 (1972).
http://www.omatumr.com/Data/1972Data1.htm

5. "Xenon in carbonaceous chondrites",
Nature 240, 99-101 (1972);
CODEN: NPSCA6; ISSN: 0300-8746
http://www.omatumr.com/archive/XenonInC ... drites.pdf

6. "Double beta-decay of tellurium-128",
Phys. Rev. 11, 1378-1384 (1975).

7. "Elemental and isotopic inhomogeneities in noble gases:
The case for local synthesis of the chemical elements",
Trans. Missouri Acad. Sci. 9, 104-122 (1975).

8. "Noble gases in an Hawaiian xenolith",
Nature 257, 778-780 (1975); doi:10.1038/257778b0
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v2 ... 778b0.html

9. "Xenon record of the early solar system",
Nature 262, 28-32 (1976); doi: 10.1038/262028a0
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v2 ... 028a0.html

10. "Strange xenon, extinct super-heavy elements,
and the solar neutrino puzzle", Science 195, 208-209 (1977); doi: 10.1126/science.208-b
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/195/4274/208-b
http://www.omatumr.com/archive/StrangeXenon.pdf
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977Sci...195..208M-

11. "Iodine-129 in man, cow and deer",
Health Physics 34, 691-699 (1978).
http://tinyurl.com/2n9eq8 or
http://www.health-physics.com/pt/re/hea ... 29!8091!-1

12. "Comment on isotopic anomalies" in
Proceedings of Robert Welch Foundation Conference on
Chemical Research XII. Cosmochemistry, 263-272 (1978).

13. "Isotopes of tellurium, xenon and krypton in the Allende meteorite retain record of nucleosynthesis",
Nature 277, 615-620 (1979); doi:10.1038/277615a0
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v2 ... 615a0.html

14. "The neon alphabet game",
Proceedings of the 11th Lunar Planet Sci. Conf. 15, 879-899 (1980);
http://tinyurl.com/2944m9 or
http://www.omatumr.com/abstracts2005/Ne ... t_game.pdf or
http://tinyurl.com/36zvrt or http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi- ... etype=.pdf

15. "Noble gas anomalies and synthesis of the chemical elements", Meteoritics 15, 117-138 (30 June 1980);
http://tinyurl.com/yqdafh or
http://www.omatumr.com/abstracts2005/No ... malies.pdf or
http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi- ... etype=.pdf

16. "The noble gas record of the terrestrial planets",
Geochem. J. 15, 247-267 (1981).
http://www.omatumr.com/archive/NobleGas.pdf

17. "Terrestial-type xenon in meteoritic troilite",
Nature 299, 807-810 (1982) doi:10.1038/299807a0
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v2 ... 807a0.html

18. "Iodine-129 in Missouri thyroids",
Health Physics 42, 425-432 (1982);
http://tinyurl.com/ypbrms
http://www.health-physics.com/pt/re/hea ... 45!8091!-1

19. "Solar abundances of the elements",
Meteoritics 18, 209-222 (1983); ISSN 0026-1114
http://tinyurl.com/224kz4
http://www.omatumr.com/archive/SolarAbundances.pdf
http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi- ... etype=.pdf

20. "Double beta-decay of Se-82 and Te-130",
Nucl. Phys. A457, 285 (1986); doi:10.1016/0375-9474(86)90378-7;
http://tinyurl.com/2y6sxd
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986NuPhA.457..285L

21. "Double beta-decay of tellurium-128 and tellurium-130",
Nucl. Phys. A 481, 484-493 (1988).
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988NuPhA.481..484L

22. "Geochemical measurements of double-beta decay",
Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics 17, S221-S229 (1991);
doi:10.1088/0954-3899/17/S/024
http://www.iop.org/EJ/cites/0954-3899/17/S/024

23. "Terrestrial-type xenon in sulfides of the Allende meteorite",
Geochem. J. 30, 17-30 (1996).
http://www.terrapub.co.jp/journals/GJ/p ... 010017.PDF

24. "Isotopic ratios in Jupiter confirm intra-solar diffusion",
Meteoritics and Planetary Sci. 33, A97, abstract 5011 (1998).
http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc98/pdf/5011.pdf

25. "Strange xenon in Jupiter",
J. Radioanalytical Nucl. Chem. 238, 119-121 (1998).
http://www.omatumr.com/abstracts2001/wi ... alysis.pdf

26. "Origin of the solar system and its chemical elements",
abstract 1974 , 29th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference,
Houston, TX, USA, March 16-20, 1998.
http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/LPSC98/pdf/1974.pdf

27. "Isotope ratios: The key to elemental abundance and nuclear reactions in the Sun", in The Origin of the Elements in the Solar System: Implications of Post 1957 Observations, O. K. Manuel, editor, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, NY, pp. 279-287 (2000).
http://www.omatumr.com/abstracts2001/iso_book.pdf

28. "Abundances of hydrogen and helium isotopes in Jupiter", in
The Origin of the Elements in the Solar System: Implications of
Post 1957 Observations, O. K. Manuel, editor, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, NY, pp. 529-543 (2000).
http://www.omatumr.com/abstracts2005/No ... _Lietz.pdf

29. "Origin of elements in the Solar System", in The Origins
of the Elements in the Solar System: Implications of Post 1957
Observations, O. K. Manuel, editor, Kluwer Academic/Plenum
Publishers, New York, NY, pp. 589-643 (2000).
http://www.omatumr.com/abstracts2001/or ... m_book.pdf

30. "The Sun's origin, composition and source of energy",
Abstract 1041 , 32nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conf.,
Houston, TX, March 12-16, 2001, LPI Contribution 1080, ISSN No. 0161-5297 (2001).
http://www.omatumr.com/lpsc.prn.pdf
http://xxx.lanl.gov/pdf/astro-ph/0411255
http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2001/pdf/1041.pdf

31. "Attraction and repulsion of nucleons: Sources of stellar energy"
J. Fusion Energy 19, 93-98 (2001).
http://www.omatumr.com/abstracts/jfeinterbetnuc.pdf

32. "Nuclear systematics: III. The source of solar luminosity",
J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 252, 3-7 (2002).
http://www.omatumr.com/abstracts2001/nuc_sym3.pdf

33. "Neutron repulsion confirmed as energy source",
J. Fusion Energy 20, 197-201 (2003).
http://www.omatumr.com/abstracts2003/jfe-neutronrep.pdf

34. "The standard solar model versus experimental
observations", Proc.3rd International Conference on
Beyond Standard Model Physics - BEYOND 2002
(IOP, Bristol, editor: H. V. Klapdor-Kleingrothaus,
pp. 307-316 (2003).
http://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-ph/0404064
http://www.omatumr.com/abstracts/beyond2002.pdf

35. "Composition of the solar interior:
Information from isotope ratios",
Proc. SOHO 12 / GONG+ 2002 Conference
on Local and Global Helio-seismology:
The Present and the Future, 27 Oct-1 Nov 2002,
Big Bear Lake, CA, U.S.A. (ESA SP-517, editor:
Huguette Lacoste) pp. 345-348 (2003).
ISBN: 92-9092-827-1
http://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0410717v1
http://www.omatumr.com/abstracts/gong-2002.pdf

36. "Super-fluidity in the solar interior:
Implications for solar eruptions and climate",
J. Fusion Energy 21, 193-198 (2002).
http://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0501441
http://www.omatumr.com/abstracts2003/jf ... uidity.pdf

37. "The need to measure low energy,
anti-neutrinos (E < 0.782 MeV) from the Sun",
Phys. Atomic Nuclei 67, 1959-1962 (2004);
Yadernaya Fizika 67, 1983-1988 (2004); DOI: 10.1134/1.1825512
Overheads: http://www.omatumr.com/abstracts2004/manuel.pdf
Manuscript: http://xxx.lanl.gov/pdf/astro-ph/0410168
http://www.omatumr.com/abstracts2004/anti-neutrinos.pdf

38. "Is there a deficit of solar neutrinos?",
Proc. 2nd International Workshop on Neutrino Oscillations,
Istituto Veneto di Scienze ed Arti, Venice, Italy, 3-5 Dec 2003.
http://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0410460
http://www.omatumr.com/abstracts2004/om ... utrino.pdf

39. "The oxygen to carbon ratio in the solar interior:
Information from nuclear reaction cross-sections,"
J. Fusion Energy 23, 55-62 (2004) ISSN: 0164-0313
(Paper) 1572-9591 (Online) DOI: 10.1007/s10894-004-1872-4
http://www.omatumr.com/abstracts2005/Ox ... _Ratio.pdf

40. "Solar abundance of elements from neutron-capture
cross sections", paper #1033, 36th Lunar & Planetary
Science Conf. (LPSC), Houston, Texas, March 14-18, 2005.
http://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0412502v1
http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2005/pdf/1033.pdf

41. "Nuclear systematics: Part IV. Neutron-capture
cross sections and solar abundance",
J. Radioanalytical Nuclear Chemistry 266, 159-163 (2005);
DOI: 10.1007/s10967-005-0887-2
http://tinyurl.com/2oeg3n
http://www.omatumr.com/abstracts2005/Fk01.pdf
http://www.springerlink.com/content/k31567177q712t75/

42. "Isotopes tell origin and operation of the Sun", in
Proceedings First Crisis in Cosmology Conference, CCC-1,
Moncao, Portugal, 23-25 June 2005 (AIP Conference Proceedings,
volume 822) pp. 206-225 (2006);
doi:10.1063/1.2189138
PACS: 96.60.Fs, 96.60.Jw, 96.60.Vg, 97.10.Bt
http://xxx.lanl.gov/pdf/astro-ph/0510001
http://www.omatumr.com/abstracts2005/Is ... ration.pdf

43. "On the Cosmic Nuclear Cycle and
the Similarity of Nuclei and Stars",
J. Fusion Energy 25, 107-114 (2006); DOI:10.1007/s10894-006-9009-6
http://xxx.lanl.gov/pdf/nucl-th/0511051
http://tinyurl.com/2hzg2b
http://www.omatumr.com/abstracts2006/Nu ... serted.pdf

44. "Observational confirmation of the Sun's CNO cycle,"
Journal of Fusion Energy 25, 141-144 (2006);
DOI: 10.1007/s10894-006-9003-z
http://xxx.lanl.gov/pdf/astro-ph/0512633
http://www.omatumr.com/abstracts2006/OC ... OCycle.pdf

45. "The Sun is a plasma diffuser that sorts atoms by mass",
Physics of Atomic Nuclei 69, number 11, pp. 1847-1856 (2006);
ISSN 1063-7788;
Yadernaya Fizika 69, number 11 (2006); PAC: 96.20.Dt
Popular version: http://xxx.lanl.gov/pdf/astro-ph/0502206
Overheads: http://www.omatumr.com/Overheads/Overheads.htm
Manuscript: http://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0609509

46. "Fingerprints of a local supernova," in
SUPERNOVA RESEARCH (Nova Science Publishers, Inc.,
Hauppauge, NY, in press, 38 pp., 2008).
http://www.omatumr.com/abstracts2007/20 ... cliffe.pdf

47. "EARTH'S HEAT SOURCE - THE SUN",
Energy and Environment: SPECIAL ISSUE:
Natural drivers of weather and climate,
volume 20, numbers 1 & 2 (in press, 2009).
Request copy from author, Dr. Oliver K. Manuel


- c-1) Neutron repulsion is the primary energy source for the Sun and the cosmos, releasing far more energy than nuclear fusion or fission.
http://www.omatumr.com/abstracts/jfeinterbetnuc.pdf
http://www.omatumr.com/abstracts2003/jfe-neutronrep.pdf
http://xxx.lanl.gov/pdf/astro-ph/0511379
http://www.omatumr.com/abstracts2004/anti-neutrinos.pdf
http://www.omatumr.com/abstracts2006/Nu ... serted.pdf

- c-2) The Sun formed on the remnant core of the supernova that exploded here 5 billion years ago.
http://www.omatumr.com/archive/StrangeXenon.pdf
http://www.omatumr.com/lpsc.prn.pdf

- c-3) Earth formed in layers, accreting iron meteorites into a metal core first and then accreting stone meteorites that formed further from the Sun.
http://www.omatumr.com/archive/NobleGas.pdf
http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en ... +the+Earth

- c-4) The Sun is made mostly of elements [Fe, O, Si, S, Ni, Mg and Ca] seen in ordinary meteorites and in rocky planets near the Sun. These elements were made in the deep interior of the supernova and orbited close to the pulsar.
http://www.omatumr.com/archive/SolarAbundances.pdf
http://www.omatumr.com/abstracts2001/iso_book.pdf
http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2001/pdf/1041.pdf
http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0412502

- c-5) Lightweight elements like H, He, C and N in the outer layers of the supernova formed the giant gaseous planets like Jupiter. These planets contain the same "strange" isotope abundances seen in tiny diamond (C) inclusions of primitive meteorites.
http://www.omatumr.com/abstracts2001/wi ... alysis.pdf

- c-6) The Sun is a magnetic plasma diffuser that selectively moves lightweight atoms upward, covering its surface with a veneer of lightweight elements (91% H and 9% He).
Overheads: http://nanp.dubna.ru/docs/manuel.pdf
Popular summary: http://xxx.lanl.gov/pdf/astro-ph/0502206
Manuscript: http://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0609509v3

Future Research
Decipher details of the mechanism of neutron emission from neutron-rich nuclei and neutron stars.

Industrial Relevance
Identify ways to utilize the energy released in neutron emission - the largest known energy source. For example, the rest mass converted to useful energy is ~0.1% in nuclear fission, ~0.7-0.8% in nuclear fusion, and 1.2-2.4% in neutron emission ["Neutron repulsion confirmed as energy source", J. Fusion Energy 20, 197-201 (2003)]. http://www.omatumr.com/abstracts2003/jfe-neutronrep.pdf

[GaryN]

Lloyd posted:

* Oliver Manuel just sent me this paper at http://myprofile.cos.com/manuelo09 and welcomes anyone to share it with others. So here it is. His ideas about supernovae and neutron stars seem unlikely, but the neutron star idea seems possible and might be compatible with EU theory. At any rate, the data here may be useful.

Well, he's partly right. Magnetic plasma diffuser, well, close.
Neutron star core, not good. I'll proffer the electron-resonance magnetron. Hows about a SNEG-13?

http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/accelconf/ ... 4_2678.PDF

[StevenO]

* Oliver Manuel just sent me this paper at http://myprofile.cos.com/manuelo09 and welcomes anyone to share it with others. So here it is. His ideas about supernovae and neutron stars seem unlikely, but the neutron star idea seems possible and might be compatible with EU theory. At any rate, the data here may be useful. Quotes begin now.

I have no opportunity to read all papers, but I can give some comments from my sources:

Measurements* on the masses (nuclear packing fractions) of all 3000 stable and radioactive atoms and on their abundances in the solar wind, in solar flares, in the Earth, the Moon, Mars, Jupiter and in meteorites reveal that:

a. Repulsive interactions between neutrons in the solar core cause neutron-emission, neutron-decay, and partial fusion of the decay product to generate solar luminosity and the observed outpouring of solar neutrinos and solar-wind Hydrogen from the solar surface:
http://www.omatumr.com/Data/2000Data.htm

Judging from the paper the mechanism looks highly speculative. My source states the main mechanism for energy generation in stellar cores is the complete conversion of atoms into radiation when the thermal ionization limits of elements are reached. Thermal ionization limits are lower for heavier elements. http://library.rstheory.org/books/bpom/17.html

b. The Sun is a magnetic plasma diffuser that selectively moves lightweight elements like Hydrogen and Helium and lightweight isotopes of each element into the photosphere. These lightweight atoms cover the neutron-rich cores and iron-rich interiors of ordinary stars and fill interstellar space with H and He, just as electrons fill atomic space.
http://www.omatumr.com/images/Fig2.htm

This is simple: just the force of gravity alone will pull the heavier elements towards the stellar core.

c. A local supernova (SN) explosion [? years] ago gave birth to the Solar System and its elements: http://www.omatumr.com/Origin.htm

My source agrees with that. A SN explosion would generate two explosion products: one expanding cloud of dust and gas that will reaggregate into a star and a white dwarf product. If the system was a binary system before the SN, where one part was a white dwarf, this white dwarf could be broken into parts, that then form into a planetary system.

d. Combined U-Pb and Pu-Xe age shows that the SN explosion occurred five (5) billion years ago: http://www.omatumr.com/Data/1994Data.htm

I think my source agrees.

e. The Sun, the Earth, the other planets, and meteorites formed directly from fresh SN debris: i) Iron meteorites and the iron cores of the terrestrial planets formed from material orbiting nearby; ii) Silicates formed further from the Sun; iii) Light elements (H, He, C, N) from the SN envelope formed the giant gaseous planets; and iv) The Sun formed on the remnant neutron star:
http://www.omatumr.com/Photographs/Suns_core.htm

My source agrees, except that the planets would form from the white dwarf debris and the star from the dust cloud.
http://library.rstheory.org/articles/Pe ... sCore.html

f. The most abundant elements in the Sun are the same ones that are most abundant in ordinary meteorites and rocky planets: Iron (Fe), Oxygen (O), Nickel (Ni), Silicon (Si) and Sulfur (S).

Agreed, in general the abundance is inversely proportional to the elements mass. There are reasons though that certain elements, like iron, are more abundant than other.

g. Solar neutrinos do not oscillate away before reaching detectors! Measurements of double-beta decay rates confirm that the conservation laws of nature remain valid over the longest measurable time scale (~10^24 years for double beta-decay of tellurium-128).

My sources say that neutrino oscillation could be caused by charged neutrino's. http://rs2theory.org/physics/leptons/ne ... scillation

h. Solar cycles and changes in Earth's climate are induced by interaction of the Sun's dense, energetic neutron core with the planets as they move in ever-changing orbits and jerk the Sun, like a yo-yo on a string, about the center-of-mass-of the Solar System.

My source say that it is indeed caused by the solar core, but not because of the planets but because of a yet unknown state of matter: the thredule. http://library.rstheory.org/articles/KVK/SunPartII.html

[Lloyd]

* Here's another letter from Oliver Manuel.

Max Planck Report Confirms: The Sun Is A Recycled Star!
Friday, July 16, 2010 8:39 PM
From: "Oliver Manuel"
Dear friends,
The Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy reported important new information about Earth's heat source - the Sun: "All Stars are Born the Same Way".
http://www.mpifr-bonn.mpg.de/public/pr/ ... 81-en.html
The report confirms that ALL stars - including [the] Sun - recycle and reform on the collapsed core of the precursor star, as illustrated by [the] drawing and video.
http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1029/
http://www.eso.org/public/videos/eso1029a/
This same scenario for the birth of the Sun was reported in 1977 ["Strange xenon, extinct superheavy elements and the solar neutrino puzzle", Science 195, 208-209 (1977)], confirmed in numerous other scientific papers [Nature 277, 615-620 (1979); Meteoritics 15, 117-138 (1980); Geochemical Journal 15, 247-267 (1981); Meteoritics 18, 209-222 (1983); . . . ESA SP-517, pages 345-348 (2003); . . . . Physics of Atomic Nuclei 69, 1847-1856 (2006)], but generally ignored by those promoting AGW [Anthropologic Global Warming].
In view of this basic misunderstanding of Earth's heat source, it is difficult to accept that climate change scientists consider themselves to be 'credible.'
With kind regards, Oliver K. Manuel
http://www.omatumr.com

* This is counter to both conventional theory and EU theory, so good and bad. It supposes that stars reform on the cores of precursor stars, which assumes that novae or supernovae are explosions [and implosions] that throw off the outer layers of stars [and condense the inner part], whereas EU theory considers such events to be electrical flares that may sometimes involve the star fissioning into two smaller stars or bodies.

[GaryN]

I'm sticking with my previous position Lloyd, that O.M's plasma diffuser comprises concentric, charge accumulating spheres, separated by double layers which can each isolate billions of volts. What has changed for me, is the source of the energies to power the whole thing, and that can only be the vacuum spark, which, drawing on the magneto-dielectric ether, and through wave and pulse mixing, forms the major EM components of the device.
It is only the magnitude of the vacuum spark that creates the difference in all the objects displaying toroids, all the way up to the magnetars, which will have a central sphere voltage in the billions of trillions of volts.
SN are double layer failures, the release of vast levels of accumulated charge and quark soup.
I think I have a much more complete mental picture of the mechanisms and their formation now, so will put together some 3DS Max models, but not 'till the winter, just too much to do outside right now. Bet you just cant wait, eh?